Animal Phys final

Question 1

The study of physiology includes the study of __________________, which is understanding how the body’s processes work, and the study of ______________, which is understanding of why the body’s processes work the way they do.

Answer 1

Mechanism, origin

Question 2

Which of the following parts of the mammalian cell is essential for all protein synthesis?

Answer 2

Ribosome

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the difference between a channel and transporter?

Answer 3

-channel does not require solute binding
- transporter requires solute
binding

Question 4

Which of the following is not considered to be an example of a cell receptor?

Answer 4

Voltage-gated channel

Question 5

Which of the following correctly describes how digesta that is in the mouth is prevented from entering the airways during swallowing in mammals?

Answer 5

The epiglottis closes over the trachea during swallowing

Question 6

Which of the following correctly describes the process of starch digestion and absorption
in the small intestine.

Answer 6

Starch is degraded by pancreatic amylase to maltose,

• brush border enzyme maltase to glucose,
• absorbed through carrier-mediated transport

Question 7

This hormone is released from the small intestine in response to the presence of undigested fat and protein in the intestinal lumen and it stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes.

Answer 7

CCK

Question 8

In non-ruminants, __________________ is the major propulsive motility pattern, whereas ____________________ is the major retentive motility pattern.
a) Adaptive relaxation, Segmentation

Answer 8

Peristalsis, Segmentation

Question 9

Both ruminants and non-ruminants produce saliva to aid in the digestive processes. Which of the following is not a role of saliva that is unique to ruminant species?

Answer 9

Saliva moistens the bolus and aids in swallowing

Question 10

Directly from the reticulum, the digesta can move into one of three other parts of the ruminant gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following correctly lists an organ where the digesta can go directly from the reticulm, as well as the correct reason as to why the digesta would move to that organ?

Answer 10

Omasum- to continue through the remainder of the ruminant gastrointestinal
tract

Question 11

This part of the ruminant foregut has similar secretions and function to the non-ruminant stomach.

Answer 11

Abomasum

Question 12

Unlike ruminants, hindgut fermenters, such as the horse, are able to absorb __________________, but not ____________________.

Answer 12

Glucose from starch, amino acids from microbial protein

Question 13

Which of the following dietary energy sources can be used to make ATP both aerobically and anaerobically?

Answer 13

Glucose

Question 14

Which of the following is not a mandatory condition needed to measure an animal’s basal metabolic rate?

Answer 14

The animal is full grown

Question 15

This part of the body is the key control point for maintaining body temperature

Answer 15

Hypothalamus

Question 16

In ruminants, __ is the process where partially digested feed from the rumen
is returned to the mouth for rechewing

Answer 16

Rumination

Question 17

___ is the process where the

gases produced during fermentation are expelled from the rumen.

Answer 17

Eructation

Question 18

is the only method of heat transfer that can only be used as a way to
dissipate heat from the animal

Answer 18

Evaporation

Question 19

Compared to a chicken, a horse will have a ____ whole-body metabolic rate and a
_____ weight-specific metabolic rate.

Answer 19

Greater, Lower

Question 20

The major component of the plasma membrane is phospholipids

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Homeostasis is when the animal allows its internal environment to change in response to changes in the external environment

Answer 21

False

Question 22

The crop of the chicken is the major site of microbial fermentation in birds

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Lysozyme is an enzyme produced by the small intestine that is necessary for the
activation of trypsinogen to trypsin

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Bile is necessary for protein digestion

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Creatine phosphate can be used to sustain ATP production over long periods of time.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

The enzymatic digestive processes for this nutrient begin in the mouth for non- carnivore, non-ruminant mammals

Answer 26

Starch

Question 27

The chemical and enzymatic digestion of this nutrient starts in the non- ruminant stomach

Answer 27

Protein

Question 28

The major end product of digestion for this nutrient, which is available for the animal to absorb, is volatile fatty acids

Answer 28

Cellulose (fiber)

Question 29

Mammals do not produce an enzyme that is capable of digesting this nutrient

Answer 29

Cellulose (fiber)

Question 30

The major end products of digestion for this nutrient are fatty acids

Answer 30

Fat

Question 31

fewer visible red blood cells in this sample and the fluid in the beaker is tinted red (figure shows cells after 5 and 15 minutes of incubation)

Answer 31

Water

Question 32

Red blood cells appear as biconcave disks

Answer 32

0.9% saline

Question 33

ed blood cells appear smaller than in Tube 1 and are more shriveled (figure shows cells after 5 and 15 minutes of incubation)

Answer 33

2.0% saline

Question 34

mechanism of transport across the membrane does this case study deal with primarily? Include the name of the type of transport and the substance that is being transported. (2 points)

Answer 34

Osmosis, Water

Question 35

Which one of the solutions would you recommend administering intravenously to the sick animal?

Answer 35

.9% saline

Question 36

Name the three accessory organs

Answer 36

Pancreas, Salivary glands, Liver/gallbladder

Question 37

Enzyme in salivary gland

Answer 37

Amylase

Question 38

Enzyme in stomach

Answer 38

Pepsinogen

Question 39

Enzyme in pancreas

Answer 39

Amylase, Lipase, Zymogens (or Trypsin/ogen, etc.)

Question 40

Enzyme in liver/gallbladder

Answer 40

None

Question 41

Name 2 other important roles of the bacteria that live in the cow’s rumen

Answer 41

- Synthesis of microbial protein | - Synthesis of B vitamins and Vitamin K

Question 42

Give 2 examples of physiological mechanisms that homeotherms can apply to maintain their core body temperatures at temperatures that are colder than their thermoneutral zone

Answer 42

Shivering, nonshivering

Question 43

Give 2 examples of physiological mechanisms that homeotherms can apply to maintain their core body temperature at temperatures that exceed the thermoneutral zone

Answer 43

Sweating, panting

Question 44

Give 2 examples of physiological things that homeotherms can do to maintain their core body temperature as the ambient temperature cools down within the thermoneutral zone (2 points)

Answer 44

Vasoconstriction, fluff coat

Question 45

Which classification of hormones are modified amino acids?

Answer 45

Amine hormones

Question 46

When peptide hormones bind to their receptors, which of the following statements correctly describes the typical mode of action of these hormones?

Answer 46

- increase in the production of secondary messengers, | - activation/deactivation of enzymes (or proteins) that are already present

Question 47

Which division of the nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Answer 47

Peripheral nervous system

Question 48

The motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex are found in which part of the brain?

Answer 48

Cerebral Cortex

Question 49

This region of the neuron is responsible for neurotransmitter release into the synapse.

Answer 49

Axon Terminal

Question 50

This membrane protein is essential for the establishment and maintenance of resting membrane potential.

Answer 50

Na+/K+-ATPase

Question 51

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a condition in dogs where the myelin sheath is destroyed (ie. disappears) over time. What effect would you expect DM to have on the rate that an action potential can spread along the axon of a neuron?

Answer 51

The speed would decrease

Question 52

Which of the following would not be considered to be a part of the synapse between two neurons?

Answer 52

Axon of the post-synaptic neuron

Question 53

In this type of synapse, there is a direct effect on the membrane potential of the post- synaptic cell, resulting in the hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic cell.

Answer 53

Type 2 ionotropic synapse

Question 54

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between the somatic and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 54

- somatic nervous system uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter at the target tissue - autonomic nervous system may use either norephinephrine or acetylcholine

Question 55

What is the name for the specialized plasma membrane that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

Answer 55

Sarcolemma

Question 56

Which of the following correctly lists the proteins that form the thin filament?

Answer 56

Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin

Question 57

In order for muscle contraction to occur, ATP binds to which of the myofilament proteins?

Answer 57

Myosin

Question 58

Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens to the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

Answer 58

There is an increase in overlap of the thick and the thin filaments, resulting in a shortening of each sarcomere

Question 59

This muscle fiber type is a fast twitch muscle, has an intermediate number of mitochondria and can make its ATP through both aerobic and glycolytic (anerobic) means.

Answer 59

Type IIA

Question 60

``` Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a condition in dogs where there is a degradation of the myelin sheath surrounding the axons in the spinal cord. Because the spinal cord is part of the ___ nervous system, the type of glial cell that DM affects is the __. ```

Answer 60

Central, Oligodendrocytes

Question 61

An action potential is able to spread along the axon of the neuron because as sodium ions enter the neuron through open Na+ channels, they depolarize adjacent segments of the axon, allowing voltage ___ to be met and an action potential to be generated in this “new” segment of the axon.

Answer 61

Threshold

Question 62

Once an action potential reaches the axon terminal, the axon terminal membrane depolarizes to a certain threshold, resulting in the opening of voltage-gated ___ channels, which is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter.

Answer 62

Calcium

Question 63

In skeletal nerves, the sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the __ side, whereas the motor neurons leave the spinal cord through the __ side.

Answer 63

Dorsal, Ventral

Question 64

All hormones must travel through the bloodstream in order to reach their target organ.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Action potentials are able to spread in both directions along the axon (both towards the cell body and towards the axon terminal)

Answer 65

False

Question 66

Peptide neurotransmitters are made in the cell body of the neuron, whereas small molecule neurotransmitters may be made in the axon terminal of the neuron.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems require 2 neurons to go from the central nervous system to the target tissue for the motor response.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

When a flexor muscle contracts, the joint angle increases

Answer 68

False

Question 69

select the mechanism of transduction that is used to convert the sensory information into an electrical signal. Vision?

Answer 69

Metabotropic only

Question 70

select the mechanism of transduction that is used to convert the sensory information into an electrical signal. Hearing?

Answer 70

Ionotropic only

Question 71

select the mechanism of transduction that is used to convert the sensory information into an electrical signal. Taste?

Answer 71

Depends

Question 72

select the mechanism of transduction that is used to convert the sensory information into an electrical signal. Smell?

Answer 72

Metabotropic only

Question 73

select the mechanism of transduction that is used to convert the sensory information into an electrical signal. Touch

Answer 73

Ionotropic only

Question 74

example of a cranial nerve | Motor

Answer 74

Accessory

Question 75

example of a cranial nerve | Sensory

Answer 75

Optic

Question 76

example of a cranial nerve | Motor and Sensory

Answer 76

Trigeminal

Question 77

Structure of peptide hormone

Answer 77

Chain of amino acids

Question 78

Structure of steroid hormone

Answer 78

Modification of cholesterol

Question 79

water soluble or fat soluble? | Peptide hormone

Answer 79

Water soluble

Question 80

water soluble or fat soluble? | Steroid hormone

Answer 80

Fat soluble

Question 81

Location of the hormone receptor in/on the target cell | Peptide hormone

Answer 81

Cell membrane/surface

Question 82

Location of the hormone receptor in/on the target cell | Steroid hormone

Answer 82

Intracellular

Question 83

effects produced generally acute or chronic? | Peptide hormone

Answer 83

Acute

Question 84

effects produced generally acute or chronic? | Steroid hormone

Answer 84

Chronic

Question 85

example of a peptide hormone

Answer 85

insulin

Question 86

example of a steroid hormone

Answer 86

estrogen

Question 87

Explain how it is possible that the same compound (ie. Norepinephrine) may be classified as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.

Answer 87

- on what cell type released the compound - where the compound is released - where the target tissue is relative to the releasing tissue

Question 88

Why is summation necessary?

Answer 88

change in membrane potential from a single “batch” of neurotransmitter binding to the receptors is insufficient to generate an action potential

Question 89

What is temporal summation?

Answer 89

When a single neuron is stimulated multiple times in rapid succession to continue releasing NT

Question 90

What is spatial summation?

Answer 90

When multiple pre-synaptic neurons in the same area (post-synaptic neurons) are stimulated at the same time to release NT

Question 91

Ionotropic Receptor are ligand-gated channels

Answer 91

opens ion channels resulting in a direct effect on membrane potential

Question 92

Metabotropic Receptor are G-protein coupled receptors causes an increase in secondary messenger formation which can cause metabolic changes in the cell (1 point) and could have an indirect effect on membrane potential (1 point)

Answer 92

- increase in secondary messenger formation | - cause metabolic changes in the cell and could have an indirect effect on membrane potential

Question 93

What neurotransmitter is released into the neuromuscular junction to trigger muscle contraction?

Answer 93

Acetylcholine

Question 94

When the neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the skeletal muscle, what channel is directly opened (due to neurotransmitter binding) and what ion moves into the muscle cytoplasm from outside of the muscle fiber?

Answer 94

Na+/K+-ligand gated channel and Na+

Question 95

What effect does the ion movement have on the membrane potential of the muscle?

Answer 95

increases membrane potential

Question 96

What characteristic (structure) of the sarcolemma allows changes in membrane potential to be experienced deep within the muscle fiber

Answer 96

T tubule

Question 97

As a result of the changes in membrane potential which ion channels open, where are they located, does this ion move into or out of the muscle’s cytoplasm and where does this ion come from

Answer 97

- Voltage-gated calcium channels -t-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum - Ca2+ moves into the cytoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 98

Explain how the ion interacts with the myofilaments to allow for muscle contraction

Answer 98

- Binds to the troponin portion of the thin filament - tropomyosin to shift off of the myosin binding site on the actin - actin to bind to myosin