Animal Phys final new Flashcards
(92 cards)
What are the key functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, regulation of pH of body fluids, temp control, voice production
What are the 2 key respiratory gases?
O2 and CO2
What is partial pressure?
The amount of pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture
What is a gas exchange membrane? How do gases get to the exchange membrane? How do they cross it?
Gas exchange membrane-layer of tissue that separates the internal tissues from the external environment. Gases reach the membrane by CONVECTION TRANSPORT (ventilation and circulation) and cross the membrane by DIFFUSION
What factors control the rate of gas diffusion?
High partial pressure to low patial pressure. Affected by –membrane surface area -difference in partial pressures -membrane thickness -gas, temp, phase, membrane permeability
List the parts of the respiratory system
- Nasal passages
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary vein
What are the major muscle groups involved in breathing in mammals?
external intercostal
- internal intercostal
- diaphragm
- abdominal muscles.
What are the different roles of the larynx?
Regulate air flow
- expel foreign objects
- contains the vocal cords
What is the difference between conducting and respiratory airways?
Conducting-passages that bring air to/from exchange surfaces (no exchange) (thicker membranes, lower surface area, poor blood supply)
Respiratory-where gas exchange occurs high surface area and good blood supply
What some structural similarities and differences between avian and mammalian respiratory systems?
Gas exchange occurs in the parabronchi of birds
What is the role of the avian air sacs?
They help move air through the parabronchi (because birds don’t have a diaphragm)
- Explain the muscular processes involved with inspiration and how these processes lead to air being drawn into the lungs in mammals.
Requires coordinated muscle contraction by the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Rib cage pulled up and out. Diaphragm descends to create a vacuum. Lung volume expands and air is pulled into airways
Explain the processes of expiration in mammals. How (and when) are muscles involved in expiration in mammals?
Muscle relaxation/elastic recoil. Neurons of inspiration are inhibitied. Muscles relax (rib cage returns to normal). Pressure increases to push air out of alveoli. Forced expiration used internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Explain the muscular processes involved with inspiration and how these processes lead to air being drawn into the lungs in birds
Posterior ribs expand and sternum swings forward and down. Internal intercostal and thoracic muscles are used. Expand thoracic and abdominal cavities to create a vacuum (air sacs expand=inhale)
Explain the muscular processes involved with of expiration in birds and how these processes lead to air leaving the lungs.
Contraction by abdominal and external intercostal. Create pressure on the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Why is the composition of air in the alveoli different from that in the atmosphere?
Not all stale air is cleared in alveoli
What is tidal volume?
amount of air that comes into and out of the lungs during each breath.
What is vital capacity
max air that can move into and out of the lungs during breathing.
What is residual volume
amount of air that cannot be forcefully expired from the lungs.
What factors determine how much air enters the lungs each minute?
Respiratory minute volume (tidal volume, respiratory rate) and alveolar ventilation rate
What areas of the brain are involved with the control of respiratory rate?
Normal breathing=autonomic neurons, ventilator neurons in pre-Botzinger complex, other neurons in the medulla and in pons (most is passive aka muscles just relax and specific neurons aren’t required)
Describe air flow through the avian respiratory system during inspiration and expiration.
Inspiration-Posterior air sacs fill with fresh air. Anterior air sacs fill with stale air. Parabronchi moves posterior to anterior for gas exchange. NO GAS EXCHANGE IN AIR SACS. Expiration-Air pushed out of air sacs. Fresh air pushed out of air sacs to parabronchi. Stale air from parabronchi and anterial air sacs exhaled via primary bronchi
What factors regulate the respiratory rate in birds?
Central nervous system controls the pons and medulla with chemoreceptors for PCO2, PO2, and pH
Describe the structure of hemoglobin
Heme+globin (porphyrin group with Fe2+ with a protein chain).