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Gen Physiology > Animal Physio > Flashcards

Animal Physio Flashcards

1
Q

study the structure and function of the various parts of an animal, and how these parts work together to allow animals to perform their normal behaviors and to
respond to environments. their

A

Animal physiology

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2
Q

Unifying Themes in Animal Physiology (4)

A

• Physiological Process obey the laws of Physics and Chemistry

• Physiological processes are usually regulated

• The physiological Phenotype is a product of genotype and environment

• Genotype is a product of evolution, acting through natural selection and other evolutionary processes.

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3
Q

Animals are ___ organism that feeds on ___ matter, ___, have ___ sense organs and capable of ___ response to a specific __.

A

multicellular; organic; motile; specialized; rapid; stimulus

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4
Q

An animal and its environment are ___, not independent, entities

A

interrelated

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5
Q

__, ___, and ___ are the “big three” in the set of physical and chemical conditions that set the stage for life.

A

Temperature; oxygen; water

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6
Q

Ability or tendency of the body or biological systems to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

Homeostasis came from the word homeo, “__”; stasis, “to __ or ___,” although used here to mean “__”.

A

similar; stand or stay; state

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8
Q

___ is essential for the
survival of each cell, and each cell, through its specialized activities,
contributes as part of a body system to the maintenance of the internal environment shared by all cells.

A

Homeostasis

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9
Q

FACTORS OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THAT ARE OFTEN HOMEOSTATICALLY REGULATED ARE: (8)

A

-Concentration of energy-rich molecules.

-Concentration of O2 and CO2.

-Concentration of waste products.

-pH

-Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes.

-Volume and pressure.

-Temperature

-Social parameters

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10
Q

Non-dormant cells need a consistent supply of such molecules (both externally and internally) to serve as a metabolic fuel for life-sustaining and specialized cell activities.

A

Concentration of energy-rich molecules.

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11
Q

Cells need __ to perform chemical reactions that extract from nutrient molecules the most energy possible for use by the cell.

A

O2

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12
Q

The CO2 produced during these chemical reactions must be balanced by removal of __ from the body so that CO2 does not increase the acidity (H+ concentration) of the ___ environment

A

CO2; internal

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13
Q

Various chemical reactions produce end products that can be toxic to cells if these wastes are allowed to accumulate beyond a certain limit.

A

Concentration of waste products.

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14
Q

Among the most pronounced effects of
changes in the pH (acidity) of the internal fluid environment are alterations in the ___

A

electrical signaling mechanism

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15
Q

concentrations of __ (mainly Na+ and Cl–), __, and __ in the ECF influence regulations of the proper volume of the cells.

A

salt ions; organic solutes; water

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16
Q

What factor?

The plasma in animals with circulatory systems, must be maintained at an adequate volume and pressure to ensure body wide distribution of this link between the external environment and the cells.

A

Volume and pressure.

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17
Q

Cells function optimally within a __ temperature range.

A

narrow

18
Q

What factor?

homeostasis can extend beyond the individual to a social level. This has been documented in social insects like termites

A

Social parameters

19
Q

__ and ___ factors continuously threaten to disrupt homeostasis.

A

external, internal

20
Q

Homeostasis should be viewed not as a __ state but as a ___ state in which the changes that do occur are __ by ___.

A

fixed; dynamic steady; minimized; compensatory physiological responses

21
Q

Homeostatic Abilities of Animals (3)

A

Conformers
Regulators
Avoiders

22
Q
  • allow internal conditions to change when faced with variation in external conditions.
A

Conformers

23
Q
  • maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment
A

Regulators

24
Q

– not be capable of internal regulation but which nevertheless can minimize internal variations by avoiding environmental disturbances.

A

Avoiders

25
Q

Physiological Response (2)

A

Acute response
chronic response

26
Q
  • are responses exhibited during the first minutes or hours after an environmental change.
A

Acute Responses

27
Q

are expressed following prolonged exposure to new environmental conditions.

A

Chronic Responses

28
Q

2 types of chronic response

A

Acclimation
Acclimatization

29
Q

is a chronic response in which the new environment differs from the preceding environment in just a few highly defined ways

A

Acclimation

30
Q

is a chronic response of individuals to a changed environment when the new and old environments are different natural environments that can differ in numerous ways, such as winter and summer, or low and high altitudes.

A

Acclimatization

31
Q

Acclimation and acclimatization are types of ___

A

phenotypic plasticity

32
Q

: the ability of an individual animal (a single genotype) to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes.

A

phenotypic plasticity

33
Q

a physiological loop system wherein the system responds to a perturbation.

A

feed mechanisms

34
Q

Described as the ability of a control system to modify its out as a response to the input.

A

Feed mechanisms

35
Q

The most important function of the feedback mechanism in any system is to bring the state of the body into a ___

A

stable state

36
Q

3 main components of homeostasis

A

Receptor
Control center
effector

37
Q

2 types of feedback mechanism

A

negative feedback
positive feedback

38
Q

occurs when a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change, driving the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change.

A

negative feedback mechanism

39
Q

The loop detects the change in output and acts in the opposite direction to nullify the stimulus causing the change.

A

negative feedback mechanism

40
Q

is a pathway that in response to a deviation in the output causes the output to change even more in the direction of the initial deviation.

A

positive feedback mechanism

41
Q

progressively amplifies the response as long as the stimulus is continued

A

positive feedback mechanism

Gen Physiology (6 decks)

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