Animal Physio Flashcards
study the structure and function of the various parts of an animal, and how these parts work together to allow animals to perform their normal behaviors and to
respond to environments. their
Animal physiology
Unifying Themes in Animal Physiology (4)
• Physiological Process obey the laws of Physics and Chemistry
• Physiological processes are usually regulated
• The physiological Phenotype is a product of genotype and environment
• Genotype is a product of evolution, acting through natural selection and other evolutionary processes.
Animals are ___ organism that feeds on ___ matter, ___, have ___ sense organs and capable of ___ response to a specific __.
multicellular; organic; motile; specialized; rapid; stimulus
An animal and its environment are ___, not independent, entities
interrelated
__, ___, and ___ are the “big three” in the set of physical and chemical conditions that set the stage for life.
Temperature; oxygen; water
Ability or tendency of the body or biological systems to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
homeostasis
Homeostasis came from the word homeo, “__”; stasis, “to __ or ___,” although used here to mean “__”.
similar; stand or stay; state
___ is essential for the
survival of each cell, and each cell, through its specialized activities,
contributes as part of a body system to the maintenance of the internal environment shared by all cells.
Homeostasis
FACTORS OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THAT ARE OFTEN HOMEOSTATICALLY REGULATED ARE: (8)
-Concentration of energy-rich molecules.
-Concentration of O2 and CO2.
-Concentration of waste products.
-pH
-Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes.
-Volume and pressure.
-Temperature
-Social parameters
Non-dormant cells need a consistent supply of such molecules (both externally and internally) to serve as a metabolic fuel for life-sustaining and specialized cell activities.
Concentration of energy-rich molecules.
Cells need __ to perform chemical reactions that extract from nutrient molecules the most energy possible for use by the cell.
O2
The CO2 produced during these chemical reactions must be balanced by removal of __ from the body so that CO2 does not increase the acidity (H+ concentration) of the ___ environment
CO2; internal
Various chemical reactions produce end products that can be toxic to cells if these wastes are allowed to accumulate beyond a certain limit.
Concentration of waste products.
Among the most pronounced effects of
changes in the pH (acidity) of the internal fluid environment are alterations in the ___
electrical signaling mechanism
concentrations of __ (mainly Na+ and Cl–), __, and __ in the ECF influence regulations of the proper volume of the cells.
salt ions; organic solutes; water
What factor?
The plasma in animals with circulatory systems, must be maintained at an adequate volume and pressure to ensure body wide distribution of this link between the external environment and the cells.
Volume and pressure.