Intergrative system (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Problems of Neurotransmitters (4)

A

• Neurons might not manufacture enough of a particular neurotransmitter
• Neurotransmitters may be reabsorbed too quickly
• Too many neurotransmitters may be deactivated by enzymes
• Too much of a particular neurotransmitter may be released

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2
Q

Five important neurotransmitters include

A

dopamine,
serotonin, oxytocin,
norepinephrine, and
endorphins

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3
Q

is a chemical substance produced and released by nonneural endocrine cells or by neurons

A

hormone

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4
Q

it exerts regulatory influences on the function of other, distant cells reached via the blood; and it is effective at very low concentrations

A

hormone

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5
Q

Hormones released by neurons are often referred to as ___, and the neurons as ____ or ___

A

neurohormones;
neuroendocrine, neurosecretory cells.

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6
Q

Secretory cells may be organized into discrete organs termed ___

A

endocrine glands

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7
Q

Classification of Hormone (3)

A

-Steroid hormones
-Peptide and protein hormones
-Amine hormones

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8
Q

hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol

A

Steroid hormones

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9
Q

examples of steroid hormones (3)

A

steroids
cortisol
aldosterone

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10
Q

hormones that are are structured from chains of amino acids

A

Peptide and protein hormones

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11
Q

examples of Peptide and protein hormones (5)

A

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-atrial-natriuretic peptide
-FSH
-insulin
-growth hormone

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12
Q

hormones that are modified amino acids; synthesized from tryptophan or tyrosine

A

Amine hormones

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13
Q

examples of amine hormones (6)

A

-Melatonin
-thyroid
-catecholamines
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-dopamine

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14
Q

Types of Endocrine Cells (2)

A

Epithelial endocrine cells
Neurosecretory cells

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15
Q

In mammalian hypothalamus, the ___and ____, produce ___ and __ and are released into the blood in the ___

A

paraventricular nuclei, supraoptic nuclei
oxytocin; vasopressin
pars nervosa

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16
Q

The hypothalamus–posterior pituitary connection illustrates one form of control of endocrine function: _______

A

neural control ofneurosecretory cells.

17
Q

which group of Anterior pituitary hormones exert their principal effects on nonendocrine tissues? Give examples (3)

A

first group;
-Growth hormone (GH)
-prolactin
-melanocytestimulating hormone (MSH).

18
Q

which group of Anterior pituitary hormones includes hormones that control other endocrine glands? Give an example

A

second group;
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)/ thyrotropin

19
Q

The _____ is a neurohemal organ in which the axons of several populations of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells terminate.

A

median eminence

20
Q

These cells produce neurohormones that control the secretions of specific groups of anterior pituitary cells.

A

median eminence

21
Q

Some hypothalamic neurohormones stimulate secretion of hormones and are called ____

A

releasing hormones (RHs).

22
Q

____inhibit secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.

A

inhibiting hormones (IHs)

23
Q

as providing an interface between the brain and much of the endocrine system.

A

Hypothalamo–hypophysial portal system

24
Q

The ____ is an extension of the brain

A

posterior pituitary;

25
Q

The _____although not part of the brain—is under the control of the brain and regulates the functions of many other tissues, including several endocrine glands

A

anterior pituitary—

26
Q

A ____ can result from a permeability increase or a permeability decrease.

A

synaptic potential