Animal Science Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory
(blood, or lymph) system.
A
Absorption
2
Q
generally characterized by a short and often severe course.
A
ACUTE
3
Q
average daily gain
A
ADG
4
Q
a term usually applied to microorganisms that require oxygen to
live and reproduce.
A
Aerobic organism
5
Q
– is the placenta and allied membrane with which the fetus is connected. It
is expelled from the uterus following parturition.
A
After birth
6
Q
a failure to secrete milk following parturition.
A
Agalactia
7
Q
congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
A
Albinism
8
Q
any substance that gives rise to the formation of antibodies and the resultant
allergic reaction also called an antigen.
A
Allergen
9
Q
a severe reaction that occurs in some individual following introduction of
antigens into their bodies.
A
Allergy
10
Q
– productivity/ synthesis of complex materials of living tissue.
A
Anabolic
11
Q
any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by
living cells into more complex compounds
A
Anabolism
12
Q
a microorganism that normally does not require oxygen to live
and reproduce.
A
Anaerobic organism
13
Q
- is the art and science of the genetic improvement of farm animals.
A
Animal breeding
14
Q
lack or loss of appetite for food
A
Anorexia
15
Q
a serum that contains an antibody or antibodies; it gives temporary
protection against certain infectious diseases.
A
Antiserum
16
Q
a form of reproduction which does not require the sex organ
to facilitate the perpetuation of the species
A
Asexual reproduction
17
Q
pertaining to all species of birds, including domestic fowl
A
Avian
18
Q
the crossing of an F1 generation hybrid with one of the parental types
(breed). The offspring are referred to as the backcross generation
A
Backcross
19
Q
capable of destroying/ killing bacteria.
A
Bactericidal
20
Q
retardation of the life processes of bacteria without killing them.
A
Bacteriostasis
21
Q
- a female dog
A
Bitch
22
Q
a disorder of ruminants usually characterized by an accumulation of gas in the
rumen.
A
Bloat
23
Q
the general or physical traits of an animal; its shape and
arrangement of parts
A
Body Conformation
24
Q
to eliminate undesirable characteristics
A
Breed out
25
to have the ability to transmit a characteristic uniformly to offspring.
Breed true
26
a particular type or form characterizing a breed. It includes special breed
features in head, ears, color, or other traits common to a particular breed.
Breed type
27
a group of baby chickens.
Brood
28
an animal reserved for breeding and raising of young
Brood animal
29
desire of birds to set in a nest on eggs for the purpose of hatching. It is the
natural behavior for hatching and rearing young.
Broodiness
30
a castrated bull, English term for a finished or fat steer.
Bullock
31
- is a hormone that lowers calcium level in the blood, thus,
has an opposite effect to that of parathormone, which increases calcium level in the blood.
Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin
32
- calves produce by a herd of cattle in one season
Calf crop
33
the illumination of the egg interior by holding the egg before a light to determine
the presence of developing chick embryo
Candling
34
a habit of some fowls of picking at or eating other fowls.
Cannibalism
35
- the body of dead animal - the whole trunk of a slaughter animal.
Carcass
36
metabolic process by which complex substances are converted by living cells
into more simple compounds
Catabolism
37
genes that interact, which when both are present, a new or novel
trait appears.
Complementary genes
38
the fertilization of the ovum. The action of conceiving or becoming pregnant
Conception
39
involves direct contact of the animal with a part of its environment, where
thermal energy is transferred from one molecule to a neighboring molecule
Conduction
40
that which are acquired during prenatal life. It exists at or dates from birth.
* Congenital
41
transmissible by direct or indirect contact.
Contagious
42
heat is transferred to or from the animal by the movement of heated air
“particles”; it is the process by which actual mass motion of heated gas (or liquid) transfers
heat from one place to another.
Convection
43
- a system of feeding young animals prior to weaning.
Creep feeding
44
composed of true proteins and nitrogenous products;
Crude protein
45
Crude protein=
Crude protein = % N x 6.25.
46
a regurgitated food from the rumen of ruminants back to the mouth for further
chewing and reinsalivation
Cud
47
the process of eliminating non-profitable or non-productive or undesirable
individuals
Culling
48
stillborn
Deadborn
49
the evacuation of fecal material from the rectum.
Defecation
50
- the act of swallowing
Deglutition
51
to remove the horns from cattle, sheep, and goat or to treat young animals so the
horn will not develop.
Dehorn
52
- involves the movement of the basic units from areas of high concentration (the
GI tract) to area of lower concentration (the blood)
Diffusion
53
- breakdown of feed particles into suitable products for absorption; may include
mechanical forces, chemical action, and enzyme activity
Digestion
54
a relatively small area in which cattle are confined indefinitely as opposed to being
allowed to have free access to pasture
Drylot
55
- abnormal or difficult labor during parturition.
Dystocia
56
a wasted condition of the body.
Emaciation
57
is a technique wherein a young embryo is collected from a donor female
parent and then implanted into the uterus of a recipient female parent
Embryo Transfer
58
pertaining to glands that produce secretions that pass directly into the blood
instead of into a duct (hormones are secreted by endocrine glands).
Endocrine
59
– glands that secrete chemical mediators called hormones that regulate
growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, stress responses, body and tissue fluid,
and electrolyte balance. Thus, the endocrine system would enable the animal to adjust to changes on its environment, and endocrinology deals largely with this phase of
environmental adjustments.
Endocrine Glands
60
is defined as a branch of physiology dealing with the coordination of
various body tissues by chemical mediators (hormone) produced by restricted areas of the
body (endocrine gland) and transported through the circulatory system to the organ or tissue
on which they exert their effects.
Endocrinology
61
- internally produced in the body.
Endogenous
62
- internal animal parasites.
Entozoa
63
- a complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes in other
substances within the body without being changed itself (organic catalyst).
Enzymes
64
designating a widely diffused disease of animals, which spreads rapidly and
affects many individual of a kind concurrently in any region, thus corresponds to an epidemic
in man.
Epizootic
65
those amino acids which are essential to the animal and must be
supplied in the diet because the animal cannot synthesize them at sufficient amount to meet
its requirement
Essential amino acid
66
Essential amino acid:
1. phenylalanine 6. methionine
2. valine 7. histidine
3. threonine 8. arginine
4. tryptophan 9. leucine
5. isoleucine 10. lysine
67
impregnation or fertilization
Fecundation
68
the ability of the individual to produce eggs or sperms regularly
Fecundity
69
roughage of high feeding value.
Forage
70
may be defined as a segment of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which determines
the base sequence of nucleotide in the messenger ribonucleic acid (m-RNA) that makes up
the code for a certain biological function.
Gene
71
the period from conception to birth of the young.
Gestation
72
-domestic animals produced by crossbreeding, wherein one of the parents is of
purebred stock (usually the sire) and the other parent, an ordinary stock
Grade
73
the continued use of pure breed sires on grade dams.
Grading up
74
low moisture silage (35-55% moisture)
Haylage
75
the circumference of the body of an animal behind the shoulders.
Heartgirth
76
animals that subsist on grasses and herbs.
Herbivorous
77
a group of animals of a single kind kept together for a specific use.
Herd
78
is the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal
environment of the body.
Homeostasis
79
animals whose body temperature is largely
independent of that of the environment.
Homeotherms or warm-blooded animals
80
is defined as a substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine
glands and carried by the blood to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effect.
Hormone
81
the power of an animal to resist and/ or overcome an infection to which most of
many of its species are susceptible.
Immunity - the power of an animal to resist and/ or overcome an infection to which most of
many of its s
82
to render an animal resistant to disease by vaccination.
Immunize
83
the process of producing and secreting milk in order to nourish the young.
Lactation
84
the expulsion of egg outside of the reproductive tract in birds
Laying or oviposition
85
is the hormone that causes ovulation of matured follicles
Luteinizing Hormone
86
he pigs farrowed by a sow or the pups whelped by a bitch at one delivery period;
also the accumulation of materials used for bedding of farm animals
Litter
87
alfalfa, a legume of high feeding value for ruminants.
Lucerne
88
the larvae of a fly.
Maggot
89
the chewing of food
Mastication
90
- the inflammation of the udder or mammary gland.
Mastitis
91
combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body with the
liberation of energy. it involves all the chemical reactions performed by the cells to
use the basic units of the nutrients for their specific functions i.e. glucose for energy or
amino acids for protein synthesis.
Metabolism
92
a process by which the germinal cells divide to produce haploid cells each carrying
only one-half of the genetic complement of the individual.
Meiosis
93
94
- an inflammation of the uterus
Metritis
94
- is a process in which individuals from one population transfer to another
population.
Migration
95
normally present at greater level in animal body or needed in relatively
large amounts in the diet. Include Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
Macro minerals
96
normally present at low levels in animal body or needed in very small
amount in the diet. Include Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se, and are toxic at large
quantities.
Trace minerals
97
the shedding and replacing of feathers.
Molt
98
animal of mixed or unknown breeding.
Mongrel
99
- is a process by which the female animal is induced to simultaneously
ovulate more eggs than what is normally shed
Multiple ovulation
100
- is a spontaneous change in the biochemical structure of the gene resulting in an
entirely different phenotypic effect.
Mutation
101
controls the rapid activities of the body such as muscular contraction,
secretion of some endocrine glands, heart rate, respiration rate, gastro-intestinal motility, to
mention a few.
Nervous System
102
breeding of progeny that are superior to their parents, also called heterosis.
Nicking
103
amino acids, which are essential to the animal but, are not
normally synthesized or sufficient in the diet and need not be supplemented.
Non-essential amino acids
104
Non-essential amino acids
1. alanine 7. glutamine
2. asparagine 8. glycine
3. aspartic acid 9. hydroxyproline
4. cysteine 10. proline
5. cystine 11. serine
6. glutamic acid 12. tyrosine
105
compounds that are not true protein in nature but contain
N and can be converted to protein by bacterial action, i.e., urea
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
106
occurs when some individuals do not have the same chances of
mating with individuals of the opposite sex.
Non-random mating
107
individuals that are more phenotypically similar tend to mate
more often.
Assortative mating
108
- individuals, which are less
phenotypically similar, tend to mate more often together than would be expected by
chance.
Disassortative mating
109
- individuals that are related by descent tend to mate more often than
under random mating.
Inbreeding
110
s include the pig, horse, rabbit, dog, and cat
Non ruminants
111
any feed constituent, or a group of feed constituents of the same general
chemical composition that aids in the support of life.
- may include synthetically produced vitamins, chemically produced inorganic salts or
biogenically synthesized amino acids.
Nutrients
112
the series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food for
promoting growth and replacing worn-out or injured tissues.
- encompasses several fields of discipline like biochemistry, chemistry, physiology,
endocrinology, microbiology, genetics.
Nutrition
113
the shedding of a follicle by the ovary.
Ovulation
114
hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis or pituitary lobe which stimulates
milk-ejection in lactating females.
Oxytocin
115
- this gland is located at the duodenal lope of the small intestine. It is both an
exocrine and an endocrine gland.
Pancreas
116
- the act or process of giving birth to a young.
Parturition
117
- is defined as the study of function of the parts or organ systems of the body; a
study of function of living matter. It attempts to explain the physical and chemical factors
that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.
Physiology -
118
the fluid portion of the blood containing a number of ions, inorganic molecules,
and organic molecules which are in transit to various parts of the body or which aid in the
transport of other substances.
Plasma
119
animals whose body temperature varies directly
with that of the environment.
Poikilotherms or cold-blooded animals
120
a naturally hornless animal.
Polled
121
- capable of producing abundant offspring.
* Prolific
122
is a basic nutrient made up of amino acids and used by the body for growth,
maintenance, and reproduction of all organisms. The orderly synthesis of proteins in the
body is made possible by genes.
Protein
123
efers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present in protein.
Protein quality
124
those proteins yielding only amino acids or their derivatives
upon hydrolysis, i.e., albumins, histones, protomins, globulins, glutelins, prolamins
Simple (globular proteins)
125
– consist of polypeptide chains arranged in parallel along a single axis to
yield long fibers or sheets and constitute about 30% of total protein in animal body,
connective tissue, i.e., collagens, elastin, keratins
Fibrous proteins
126
those proteins that yield not only amino acid but also other organic
and inorganic components; a type of protein in which simple proteins are combined with
non-protein radical, i.e., nucleoproteins, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoproteins,
lecithoproteins, lipoproteins, metalloproteins.
Conjugated protein
127
involves the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves traveling at the
speed of 186,000 miles per second; there is no material medium or physical contact between
the animal and the segment of its environment with which the animal is reacting in the
transmission of heat.
Radiation
128
the process of providing oxygen to the cells of the body and removing carbon
dioxide from them.
Respiration
129
such as, cattle, and sheep, also have only one true gastric stomach,
but with additional compartments which evolved for fiber digestion.
Ruminants
130
131
can be described as controlled vomiting. a controlled set of
contractions of the esophagus, reticulum, and rumen allow ingesta to be regurgitated back
up to the esophagus where fluids are swallowed again and additional remastication and
reswallowing of solids occurs.
Rumination
132
term commonly used to denote a piglet of small size in relation to his/her
littermates. usually result from a shortage of milk in one or more teats of the sow.
Runts
133
an animal inferior in either breeding or individuality.
Scrub
134
the process or condition of growing old.
Senescence
135
is a process in which certain genotypes contribute more progeny in the next
generation than other genotypes. may take place because of natural forces
(natural selection) or because of the intervention of man (artificial selection).
Selection
136
the clear yellowish fluid obtained after separation from the clotted cellular element
of whole blood.
Serum
137
- a form of reproduction wherein the male and female sex organs are
involved in the process of propagation.
Sexual Reproduction
138
- would result in change in the gene frequency simply because of
chance variation. The extent by which the change in the frequency of an allele, say a, could
deviate from the expected frequency q is inversely proportional to the size of the population.
Small population size
139
freshly cut green forage fed to animals in confinement.
Soilage
140
a group of selected animals kept for breeding purposes.
Stud
141
a process of controlling genetic characteristics by allowing only individuals
with desirable trails to reproduce.
Selection
142
is a form of non-random mating or a special case of assortative mating
where individuals that are related by ancestry are mated together.
Inbreeding
143
refers to the mating between animals of different established breeds. mating between
groups of animals of diverse genotypes such as between varieties and lines of animals.
Crossbreeding
144
- is a process of inducing fertilization in the female reproductive
tract without the benefit of sexual contact between the male and female animal.
Artificial insemination
145
any of the various blood-sucking arachnida, which fasten themselves to warm blooded
animals.
Tick
146
generalized blood poisoning, specially a form in which the toxins produced by
pathogenic bacteria enter the blood stream from a local lesion and are distributed throughout
the body.
Toximia
147
poisonous substance produced by certain microorganisms capable of causing
toxicosis.
Toxins
148
- composed of amino acids
True protein
149
- to inoculate - with a mildly toxic preparation of bacteria or a virus of specific
disease to prevent or lessen the effects of that disease.
Vaccination
150
producing only one egg/ one offspring at a time
Uniparous
151
though not strictly a homeothermic reaction, this is the most important
process by which the animal losses heat to maintain a constant body temperature.
Vaporization
152
hormone secreted by the
neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary lobe which is important in conserving body water by
reducing urine formation.
asopression or Antidiuritic Hormone (ADH)
