Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Grade 10-11 SCIENCE > Animal Systems Gr. 11 > Flashcards

Animal Systems Gr. 11 Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

A nutrient that cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A simple sugar with three to seven carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A sugar made up of two monosaccharide molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A polysaccharide made up of glucose units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a lipid?

A

An organic compound that does not dissolve in water, such as fat and oil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A building block of protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A bond that holds together the amino acids in a protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A linear chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the four major categories of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

A

To provide quick energy for use by cells and store energy reserves for later use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main function of proteins?

A

To build and repair muscles and cell membranes, and provide immunity against infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main function of lipids?

A

To store energy and form cell membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the main function of nucleic acids?

A

To direct the organism’s growth and *contain genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A chemical reaction in which water breaks apart macromolecules into smaller molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein molecule that helps speed up important chemical reactions in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of digestive enzymes?

A

They help to speed up the process of hydrolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to macromolecules during hydrolysis?

A

They are broken down into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the cells (lining the small intestine).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the role of water in the body?
It forms essential body fluids, regulates body temperature, and transports dissolved nutrients.
26
What are some key functions of minerals and vitamins?
They enable chemical reactions, aid in tissue development, growth, and immunity.
27
What is the importance of water for the body's fluid balance?
It maintains the condition in which the amount of fluid lost equals the amount taken in.
28
What are some possible sources of calcium?
Dairy products.
29
What are some possible sources of iron?
Red meat.
30
What are some possible sources of vitamins A, C, and E?
Fruits.
31
What is the average amount of urine produced by an adult per day?
1.5 litres (6.3 cups).
32
State what enzymes break down protein, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acid
Protease, lipase, carbohydrase, nuclease (Pro tip, add ase to the end of the nutrient.)
33
State what the 4 main macromolecules break down to.
Carbs --> monosaccharide molecules Lipids --> glycerol molecules, fatty acid molecules Protein --> amino acids Nucleic acids --> nucleotides
34
What is chemical digestion?
The use of chemicals that react with food to produce enzymes.
35
What is mechanical digestion?
The use of physical force to break down food, such as teeth and chewing.
36
What are the two types of digestion?
Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion.
37
What must happen to macronutrients in foods?
They must be broken down to individual molecules in order to be absorbed by the intestinal cells.
38
What is absorption?
The process of taking in nutrients for use.
39
What is the role of diffusion in digestion?
It allows molecules to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
40
What is excretion in the context of digestion?
The removal of waste that was not broken down by digestion.
41
What are the four components of digestion?
Organs that digest and absorb food, the alimentary canal, and the processes of ingestion and excretion.
42
What is the alimentary canal?
An open tube, or digestive tract, that consists of organs from the mouth to the anus.
43
What is ingestion?
The placement of food into the mouth and taking it in before digestion.
44
What is the function of teeth in digestion?
The teeth are used for mechanical digestion of food, breaking it into smaller pieces to increase surface area for chemical reactions.
45
What is saliva and its role in digestion?
Saliva is secreted by three pairs of glands and begins the chemical digestion of food. It contains the enzyme amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates into maltose.
46
What is a bolus of food?
A bolus of food is created and pushed to the back of the throat for swallowing.
47
What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
The epiglottis covers the trachea (airway) while food is being swallowed, ensuring food enters the esophagus and preventing choking.
48
How does food move through the esophagus?
The bolus of food moves through the esophagus by contractions called peristalsis.
49
What is the role of sphincters in the stomach?
Sphincters control food entry and exit in the stomach: the cardiac sphincter (in) and pyloric sphincter (out).
50
What is the stomach's role in digestion?
The stomach is the site of mechanical digestion and initial chemical digestion of proteins.
51
What protects the inner lining of the stomach?
Mucus coats the inner lining of the stomach for protection.
52
What is the result of digestion in the stomach?
Chemical and physical digestion in the stomach changes the food bolus into a liquified paste.
53
What is the role of enzymes in digestion?
Enzymes aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, as well as the absorption of nutrients.
54
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
The small intestine is composed of three sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
55
What increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
The small intestine is lined with small fingerlike structures called villi, which increase the surface area to absorb digested nutrients.
56
What is the function of gastric fluids?
Gastric fluids aid digestion and consist of mucus, hydrochloric acid (HCl), and pepsinogen.
57
What is the pH range of the stomach?
The pH of the stomach ranges between 1.5 to 3.5 as a result of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
58
What does pepsinogen convert into?
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of HCl.
59
What does pepsin do?
Pepsin breaks long chains of proteins into shorter chains called polypeptides.
60
What can damage the mucus lining of the stomach?
The mucus lining can be broken down by Helicobacter pylori or chronic high acidity, causing a sore called an ulcer.
61
How are glucose and amino acids absorbed?
Glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the body capillaries in the small intestine.
62
How are digested fat monomers absorbed?
Digested fat monomers are absorbed into lacteals (lymphatic vessels) and eventually enter the blood.
63
What is the pancreas?
An accessory organ of the digestive system. ## Footnote Food does not pass through the pancreas.
64
What is the liver?
An accessory organ that can regenerate. ## Footnote Food does not pass through the liver.
65
What is emulsification?
The mechanical breakdown of fat by bile. ## Footnote It increases the surface area of fat molecules for digestion.
66
What is the function of the pancreas?
Production of digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. ## Footnote These regulate blood sugar levels.
67
What does secretin do?
Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate fluid. ## Footnote This fluid neutralizes stomach acid.
68
What enzymes are found in pancreatic fluid?
Includes lipase and chymotrypsin. ## Footnote These enzymes aid in the digestion of fats and proteins.
69
What is the function of the large intestine?
Stores wastes and reabsorbs water, inorganic salts, minerals, and vitamins. ## Footnote It also assembles vitamins like vitamin K with the aid of E. coli bacteria.
70
What are the components of the large intestine?
Includes the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus.
71
What is the role of CCK in digestion?
It activates the release of bile salts in preparation for lipase action.
72
What happens during bowel movements?
Solid waste called feces is forced through the rectum and exits the body through the anus.

Grade 10-11 SCIENCE (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions