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Grade 10-11 SCIENCE > Gr.11 Circulatory System > Flashcards

Gr.11 Circulatory System Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Transport gases, nutrients, signals, and materials needed for growth
  2. Regulate internal temperature
  3. Protect from blood loss and disease

The circulatory system also transports microorganisms.

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2
Q

What are the three major components of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Blood

These components work together to facilitate circulation.

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3
Q

What type of circulatory system do humans have?

A

Double circulatory system

This means the flow of blood is divided into two different circuits.

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4
Q

What are the two circuits in the human circulatory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary circuit
  2. Systemic circuit

The pulmonary circuit involves blood circulation to and from the lungs, while the systemic circuit involves blood circulation between the heart and body tissues.

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5
Q

What is the cardiac circuit?

A

The circulation of blood to the tissues of the heart

This is crucial for the heart’s own oxygen supply.

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6
Q

How does the circulatory system manage oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

A

It keeps them separated

This separation enhances the efficiency of oxygen delivery for cellular energy.

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7
Q

What is the path of blood flow starting from the superior vena cava?

A

Superior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs

This path leads to oxygenation in the lungs.

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8
Q

What follows after blood is oxygenated in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

This process delivers oxygen-rich blood to the body.

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9
Q

What is the highest pressure area in the human circulatory system?

A

Aorta

The aorta experiences the highest pressure due to the force of the heart’s contractions.

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10
Q

What are the types of valves in the heart?

A
  1. AV valves
  2. Semilunar valves

AV valves include the tricuspid and mitral valves, while semilunar valves include the aortic and pulmonary valves.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ valve is also known as the bicuspid valve.

A

Mitral

This valve regulates blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle.

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12
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels that carry blood around the body?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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13
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

Highly elastic walls, thick layer of muscle, and small lumen.

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14
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Most arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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15
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

Thin walls, valves to prevent backflow, and less pressure.

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16
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except pulmonary veins).

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17
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Thin walls, average diameter of 8 µm, and connect arteries and veins.

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18
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Site of gas exchange and material transfer between blood and cells.

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19
Q

What percentage of blood is found in arteries, capillaries, and veins at any given moment?

A

30% in arteries, 5% in capillaries, and 65% in veins.

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20
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

Blood consists of about 55% plasma and 45% blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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21
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid part of blood, consisting mainly of water, proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and wastes.

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22
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

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23
Q

What are the key features of erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes have a biconcave shape, lack a nucleus, and contain hemoglobin, which binds to iron and gives blood its red color.

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24
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are involved in the immune response and help protect the body against infections.

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25
What are platelets?
Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting.
26
Where are blood cells produced?
All types of blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, located within the long bones of the arms and legs.
27
What is the average volume of blood in a person?
The average person has about 5 liters of blood.
28
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the body.
29
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the process by which certain white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens.
30
What are the two main functions of blood?
1. Transport - Transports chemicals to gases through the respiratory system and throughout the body to where they are needed. Also removes waste from cells. 2. Temperature Regulation - Balances heat in the body.
31
What is vasoconstriction?
Vasoconstriction is when blood vessels constrict (become narrower) to conserve heat in your body. This occurs because vessels are close to the surface and lose heat energy to the outside air.
32
What is vasodilation?
Vasodilation is when blood vessels widen to release heat. After constriction, the vessels dilate to allow more blood to circulate and dissipate heat.
33
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood pushing on the blood vessels.
34
What is systolic pressure?
Systolic pressure is higher blood pressure when vessels are constricting.
35
What is diastolic pressure?
Diastolic pressure is lower blood pressure when vessels are just relaxing.
36
What is the name of the device used to measure blood pressure?
The device used to measure blood pressure is called a sphygmomanometer.
37
What is the unit of measurement for blood pressure?
The unit of measurement for blood pressure is millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
38
What is the average normal blood pressure?
The average normal blood pressure is typically around 120/80 mmHg.
39
What factors can affect blood pressure?
Factors that can affect blood pressure include medication, diet, exercise activity, stress, body temperature, and illness.
40
What is prolonged high blood pressure called?
Prolonged high blood pressure is called hypertension.
41
What is the impact of long-term high blood pressure?
Long-term high blood pressure can damage arteries and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.
42
What is myogenic contraction?
Heart muscle cells contract and relax rhythmically on their own without nerve activity.
43
What is the function of the Sinoatrial Node (SAN)?
The SAN sets the pace of the heart beat and causes the atria to contract.
44
Where is the Atrioventricular Node (AVN) located?
The AVN is located between the atria and the ventricles.
45
What is the role of the AVN?
The AVN delays signals from the SAN, allowing the atria to completely empty before the ventricles contract.
46
What initiates the cardiac cycle?
The SAN produces a wave of electrical stimulation which causes the atria to contract.
47
What happens after the SAN passes the electrical signal?
The signal is passed to the AVN.
48
What does the AVN do with the signal?
The AVN delays the signal and then conducts it down the Bundle of His.
49
What is the Bundle of His responsible for?
The Bundle of His transmits the electrical signal to the base of the heart and through the Purkinje fibers.
50
What does the electrical signal along the Purkinje fibers cause?
It causes the ventricles to contract and push blood out into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
51
What does 'Lub' and 'Dubb' represent in heart sounds?
'Lub' = closing of the atrioventricular valves (ventricles are filling). ## Footnote 'Dubb' = closing of the semilunar valves (ventricles are emptying).
52
What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
An ECG records the electrical events generated by a beating heart using electrodes on the skin.
53
What can an ECG detect?
It can detect a heart's frequency, strength, and activity related to the heartbeat.
54
Which way does the blood flow?
Blood flows in a circular pattern throughout the body.
55
Which blood type is found in arteries, veins, and pulmonary counterparts?
Oxygenated blood is found in arteries, while deoxygenated blood is found in veins.
56
How does oxygen attach to RBC?
Oxygen attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
57
What can you directly compare between arteries and veins?
You can compare elasticity, expansion/contractility, lumen size, wall thickness, and blood pressure.
58
What do veins have that arteries do not?
Veins have one-way valves that arteries do not have.
59
What is the structure of capillaries?
Capillaries have a single epithelial cell thickness, are spread throughout the body in a network, and have narrow vessels that allow RBCs through single file.
60
What is the function of capillaries?
Capillaries connect arteries and veins at the site of gas exchange.
61
What are the small versions of arteries and veins?
Arterioles are small versions of arteries, and venules are small versions of veins.
62
What does ECG stand for?
ECG stands for electrocardiogram.
63
What does the order and shape of the ECG waves represent?
The order and shape of the ECG waves represent the electrical activity of the heart.
64
What valves correspond to the right atrium?
The tricuspid valve corresponds to the right atrium.
65
What valves correspond to the left atrium?
The mitral valve corresponds to the left atrium.

Grade 10-11 SCIENCE (16 decks)

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