Animalia

Question 1

What are the 3 subclasses of mamamals?

Answer 1

Monotremes, Metatherians (inc. marsupials) and Eutherians (inc. placentals)

Question 2

What clade do mammals belong to (starts with S)?

Answer 2

Synapsids

Question 3

In what period was the origin of pelycosaurs and therapsids?

Answer 3

Permian

Question 4

In what period was the radiation of Mesozoic mammals?

Answer 4

Middle/ Late Triassic

Question 5

What are pelycosaurs also known as?

Answer 5

Sail backs

Question 6

What are the 3 classes on mammalian synapsids?

Answer 6

pelycosaurs, therapsids, cynodont therapsids (in order of derivedness)

Question 7

Name 3 traits what evolved in synapsids

Answer 7

Dual gait locomotion; teeth specialisation; larger temporal fenestre, diaphragm, heat regulation improved

Question 8

Name 5 features of the earliest mammals

Answer 8

Tiny; derived skull (larger brain and inner ear); lactation adn suckling; hair; special harderian gland (insulates fur)

Question 9

What prompted the tertiary radiation of mammals?

Answer 9

potentially extinction of the dinosaurs

Question 10

Why is high level homeostasis important fro reproduction?

Answer 10

SA:Vol ratio too large and not enough time fro brain development to control systems in juveniles

Question 11

What is the major advantage of lactation?

Answer 11

Reproduce at any time of year

Question 12

What did lactation facilitate in terms of teeth?

Answer 12

differentiation of teeth types; shift to diphodonty as don’t need continuous replacement

Question 13

What is diphodonty?

Answer 13

two successive sets of teeth, initially the “deciduous” set and consecutively the “permanent” set

Question 14

What did milk likely first evolve for?

Answer 14

Antimicrobial and immunity

Question 15

What are the 3 main forms of mammalian locomotion?

Answer 15

Non-cursorial, cursorial, fossorial

Question 16

What is unique about reproduction in monotreme?

Answer 16

Eggs can grow!

Question 17

What are 3 strange traits of platapus?

Answer 17

1- A genome with good immune system with lots of natural killer receptor proteins
2- Venom- males have venomous spurs on heels of hindlegs
3- Electrolocation

Question 18

Whats important about marsupalia milk?

Answer 18

Changes composition over time with development

Question 19

What trait allows marsupialia embryos to suckle during devlopment?

Answer 19

Girdle

Question 20

What is the name of the mechanoreceptive organs on star nosed mole nose?

Answer 20

Elmers organs; innervated by infraorbital nerve

Question 21

What is the name for the sensors in harbour seals used to track hydrodynamic fish tracks?

Answer 21

Vibrissae

Question 22

What adaptation do moths have to bat echolocation?

Answer 22

Some moths can hear clicks of bats and Aartiid moths can produce own sound to disturb the bats radar

Question 23

How do Aartiid moths produce their own sounds to disrupt the bats radar?

Answer 23

Using tymbal organ on the metathorax

Question 24

What are the 2 staged=s in Cnideria lifecycle?

Answer 24

Medusa and polyp

Question 25

What are porifera?

Answer 25

sponges

Question 26

What are ctenophora?

Answer 26

very diverse

Question 27

How do placazoa feed?

Answer 27

graze

Question 28

how do cnideria feed?

Answer 28

predators- sting

Question 29

What animals belong to anthrozoa?

Answer 29

sea anemones and coral

Question 30

What symmetry do cnideria and ctenophora have?

Answer 30

radial

Question 31

Why are bird bones so light?

Answer 31

pneumatized (air filled)

Question 32

What is vicariance?

Answer 32

an event causing peraration of populations = speciation e.g. godwana break up

Question 33

Why is bird genome small?

Answer 33

Adaptation to flight- small genome in small cells which have high SA for high metabolism for flight

Question 34

What are Neognathae

Answer 34

modern birds (99.3% all species)

Question 35

what type of sex chromosomes do birds have?

Answer 35

female = heterogamy

Question 36

When did birds likely first evolve-?

Answer 36

cretacious

Question 37

What did the existence and distribution of ratites help prove?

Answer 37

break up of godwana

Question 38

what are 5 adaptations of feathers?

Answer 38

``` 1- coiled barbules for water transport (sandgrouse) 2- silent flight in owls 3- structural support - woodpeckers 4- antiicing in penguins 5- sexual display ```

Question 39

What are the homologous devlopmental genes of hair, scales and feathers

Answer 39

FGF and Shh

Question 40

What proportion of bids undergo long distance migration?

Answer 40

25%

Question 41

What are the 3 trends of migration?

Answer 41

leapfrog, migratory divide and non-adaptive

Question 42

what is a crown group?

Answer 42

most recent common ancestor together with all of its descendents

Question 43

what is a stem group?

Answer 43

ancestor and all its descendants, excluding the living representatives of a collection of species.

Question 44

What are choane?

Answer 44

internal nostrils

Question 45

When did tetrapods first appear?

Answer 45

early-mid devonian

Question 46

What are tetrapods?

Answer 46

living amniotes, and amphibians

Question 47

What is the problem with tracking the origin of amniotes?

Answer 47

Romers gap- gap in fossil record

Question 48

Where did tetrapod characters evolve?

Answer 48

in water

Question 49

What was a likely driving selection pressure for tetrapod evolution?

Answer 49

living in high itdal area needing adaptations to move in shallow water and be semi-aquatic

Question 50

What is interesting about the neck of the Tikaalik tetrapodomorph?

Answer 50

proves neck didnt evolve to support head whilst walking BUT catch food or breath above water instead

Question 51

Whats a major transition i in the origin of tetrapods?

Answer 51

fins to limbs

Question 52

What are amniotes?

Answer 52

clade of tetrapods containing reptiles (and dinosaurs, so birds) and mammals

Question 53

What are present in haplo-diplontic plant lifecyles and not haplontic?

Answer 53

spores

Question 54

What is included in the archosauria?

Answer 54

birds and crocodiles

Question 55

what is the sister group to the archosauria?

Answer 55

turtles

Question 56

What re the 2 great clades of amniota?

Answer 56

Synapsida and diapsida

Question 57

What clade do all living forms of mammals belong to?

Answer 57

synapsida

Question 58

What is homeothermy?

Answer 58

stable body temp

Question 59

What is poikilothermy?

Answer 59

fluctuating body temp

Question 60

What are the tetrapods?

Answer 60

tetrapod clade

Question 61

What defines the amniotes?

Answer 61

possession of an amniotic egg

Question 62

What clade does lepidosauria belong to?

Answer 62

Diapsida in amniota

Question 63

What are mososaurs the sister group to?

Answer 63

snakes

Question 64

Are living squamates endothermic or ectothermic

Answer 64

ectothermic

Question 65

How has ectothermy allowed the evolution of snakes?

Answer 65

more diverse size and shape- high SA:VOL: ratio

Question 66

How much more efficient is ectotherm biomass conversion tot endotherms?

Answer 66

x10

Question 67

What are the 2 types of snake venom admission strategies?

Answer 67

strike and release OR strike and hold

Question 68

what are the paired vomeronasal organs in snakes?

Answer 68

paired auxiliary olfactory (smell) sense organ located in the soft tissue of the nasal septum, in the nasal cavity just above the roof of the mouth (the hard palate).

Question 69

How do snakes swallow very large prey?

Answer 69

CRANIAL KINESIS (ancestral character of tetrapods)

Question 70

WHats key about the energetics fo locomotion in ecto and endotherms?

Answer 70

in ectotherms-can reach similar total metabolism BUT for short bursts only