Arthropods

Question 1

Arthropoda is a phylum belonging to which superphylum?

Answer 1

Ecdysozoa

Question 2

What phylum do Ecdysozoa encompass?

Answer 2

Arthropoda, Onychophora and Tardigrada

Question 3

What 4 extant subphyla can arthropoda be split into?

Answer 3

Hexapoda, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata

Question 4

Marine Crustacea provide the key trophic link between which 2 trophic levels?

Answer 4

Primary producers and higher level consumers

Question 5

Why are chelicerates called chelicerates?

Answer 5

Due to ‘pincers’ on HEAD

Question 6

When did arthropods first emerge?

Answer 6

Approx. 540 mya

Question 7

Defining characters of arthropods

Answer 7

Segmentation, jointed appendages + exoskeleton

Question 8

What is tagmosis?

Answer 8

the grouping of segments with similar functions/structures

Question 9

Chelicerates fused head with thorax to form what?

Answer 9

Cephalothorax

Question 10

what is name for segments of Appendages?

Answer 10

Articles

Question 11

What is arthropod cuticle made from?

Answer 11

Chitin

Question 12

What is sclerotization?

Answer 12

Where tanning leads to cross linking and stronger properties of arthropod cuticle exoskeleton

Question 13

What is ecdysis?

Answer 13

periodic moulting of exoskeleton

Question 14

What is a negative of moulting?

Answer 14

Vunerability- 80-90% arthropod mortality linked to moulting

Question 15

What are the 5 major subgroups of chelicerata?

Answer 15

Spiders, scorpions, mites + tcks, horse she crabs, sea spider

Question 16

Name for group with hexapods and crustacea together?

Answer 16

Pancrustacea

Question 17

Are crustacea monophyletic or paraphyletic?

Answer 17

paraphyletic

Question 18

What does paraphyletic mean?

Answer 18

descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups.

Question 19

What does polyphyletic mean?

Answer 19

derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.

Question 20

What are the major classes of crustacea recognised?

Answer 20

cephalocardia, Malacostracca + maxillopoda (polyphyletic), branchiopoda, ostracoda

Question 21

What is a ramus?

Answer 21

an article branch

hence biramous and uniramous appendages

Question 22

What is characteristic of indirect crustacea development?

Answer 22

uses larval stage ( often nauplius larvae)

Question 23

What deos apterygota refer to?

Answer 23

2 separate clades of wingless insects- also ametabolous development

Question 24

What does ametabolous mean?

Answer 24

insect development in which there is no metamorphosis and immature stages appear very similar to the adults, except that they lack genitalia

Question 25

How would you describe pterygota?

Answer 25

2 pairs of wings and 4 superorders

Question 26

What are the 4 superorders of pterygota?

Answer 26

Holometabola (beetles, flies, bees, ants...), Paraneoptera (true bugs, lice..), Polyneoptera (grasshoppers, termites...) Paleoptera (mayflies, dragonflies...)

Question 27

Describe Holometabolous development

Answer 27

egg-larva-pupa-adult

Question 28

Describe Hemimetabolous development

Answer 28

egg-nymph-adult

Question 29

What are the 4 types of specialised mouthpart appendages + examples

Answer 29

Lapping (honeybee), Chewing (grasshopper), siphoning (butterfly), piercing (mosquito)

Question 30

How many times are wings thought to have evolved in insects?

Answer 30

once

Question 31

How are wings thought to have evolved?

Answer 31

de novo- not specialised appendages

Question 32

Flight is a cycle of which 2 strokes?

Answer 32

Power stroke (down and forward) and recovery stroke (up and back)

Question 33

What do adult structures develop from in holometabolous metamorphosis?

Answer 33

Imaginal discs

Question 34

What is dipause?

Answer 34

a period of suspended development in an insect, other invertebrate, or mammal embryo, especially during unfavourable environmental conditions.

Question 35

Give 3 factors conrtibuting to arthropod success

Answer 35

1- adaptations for terrestrial existance 2- Co-evolution with angiosperms 3- Eusociality