Animals (tissues, organs and organ systems - B2 Flashcards
Explain the functions of these enzymes:
Bile)
Protease)
Amylase)
Lipase)
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
Protease is produced in the stomach, small intestine and pancreas. Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Amylase is produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars.
Lipase is produced in the pancreas and small intestine. Lipase breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts made from protein.
Enzymes have an active site that binds the substrate.
Enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH.
If an enzyme is at too high a temperature or at the wrong pH its active site changes shape and it becomes denatured.
What experiment is needed to test the presence of:
Starch)
Protein)
Carbohydrates)
Iodine - resulting in a blue/black colour
Biuret test - resulting in a purple colour
Benedict’s test - resulting in a red colour
(____________) blood enters the right atrium through the (____ ____).
The (______) atrium contracts pushing blood into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle contracts sending blood to the lungs through the (_________ _____).
Blood becomes (__________) in the lungs.
Oxygenated blood enters the (____) atrium through the pulmonary vein.
The left (_____) contracts sending blood to the left ventricle.
The left (________) contracts sending blood to the body through the aorta.
(______) in the heart prevent backflow of blood.
(Deoxygenated) blood enters the right atrium through the (vena cava).
The (right) atrium contracts pushing blood into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle contracts sending blood to the lungs through the (pulmonary artery).
Blood becomes (oxygenated) in the lungs.
Oxygenated blood enters the (left) atrium through the pulmonary vein.
The left (atrium) contracts sending blood to the left ventricle.
The left (ventricle) contracts sending blood to the body through the aorta.
(Valves) in the heart prevent backflow of blood.
Explain the function of:
Arteries)
Veins)
Capillaries)
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls to withstand high pressure.
Veins take blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls and valves to stop backflow of blood.
Capillary walls are only one cell thick so that exchange can happen by diffusion.
Explain the function of:
Plasma)
Red blood cells)
White blood cells)
Platelets)
Plasma is the liquid that transports substances in blood.
Red blood cells are biconcave discs with no nucleus.
They are filled with haemoglobin. Haemoglobin binds oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin
White blood cells engulf pathogens by phagocytosis. They can also produce antibodies and antitoxins
Platelets are fragments of cells that help blood clot
(_______) arteries supply heart muscle with blood.
Coronary heart disease is caused by (___) blocking the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow.
(______) can be put in to keep the coronary arteries open, but the surgery can be dangerous.
(_______) can be used to reduce blood cholesterol, but they have side effects.
(______) heart valves can be replaced with biological or mechanical valves, but the valves can be (_______), and the surgery can be dangerous.
Heart failure can be treated by a heart (transplant), but the heart can be rejected and the surgery is dangerous.
(_________ _____) can be used when there is a shortage of human hearts. They are not at risk of being rejected, but they don’t work very well
(Coronary) arteries supply heart muscle with blood.
Coronary heart disease is caused by (fat) blocking the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow.
(Stents) can be put in to keep the coronary arteries open, but the surgery can be dangerous.
(Statins) can be used to reduce blood cholesterol, but they have side effects.
(Faulty) heart valves can be replaced with biological or mechanical valves, but the valves can be rejected, and the surgery can be dangerous.
Heart failure can be treated by a heart (transplant), but the heart can be rejected and the surgery is dangerous
(Artificial hearts) can be used when there is a shortage of human hearts. They are not at risk of being rejected, but they don’t work very well
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?
Benign tumours do not invade the rest of the body, and do not lead to cancer.
Malignant tumours spread in the blood to form secondary tumours. They lead to cancer.
