ankle Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
what are the main roles of the ankle joint?
A
- base of support
- supports bodyweight
- shock absorber
- propulsion to walk
2
Q
what are the main bones around the ankle? what do they do?
A
- tibia= main bone giving structure to the lower leg
- fibula = smaller bone of the lower leg
3
Q
what are the 3 sections of the foot?
A
- hindfoot
- midfoot
- forefoot
4
Q
what is the hindfoot?
A
- movement occurs at subtalar joint between calcaneus and talus
- movement in three planes
5
Q
what is the midfoot?
A
- between hind foot and fore foot
6
Q
what is the forefoot?
A
- movement occurs at midtarsal joint, which is two joints
- allows movement in three planes
7
Q
what are the two joints of midtarsal in forefoot?
A
- talonavicular joint
- calcaneocuboid joint
8
Q
what is the talonavicular joint?
A
- between talus and navicular
- on medial side
9
Q
what is the calcaneocuboid joint?
A
- between calcaneus and cuboid
- on lateral side
10
Q
what do the bones around the ankle articulate with?
A
- talus
11
Q
what are the 7 tarsal bones?
A
- talus
- calcaneus
- navicular
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
- cuboid
12
Q
what are metatarsals?
A
- they line up with the toes but they’re not the toe bone
13
Q
what is the 1st metatarsal called?
A
- hallux
14
Q
what is distal to the metatarsals and how are they categorised?
A
- phalanges
- categorised into proximal, middle and distal
15
Q
how many phalanges do the toes have?
A
- all have 3 phalanges
- except hallux (has 2= no middle)
16
Q
what are the six main joints of the ankle?
A
- tibiotalar
- tarsometatarsal
- metatarsophalangeal
- proximal interphalangeal
- distal interphalangeal
- subtalar
17
Q
what is the tibiotalar joint?
A
- main hinge joint
- allows dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
18
Q
what is the tarsometatarsal joint? (TMT)
A
- synovial joint
- connects tarsal bones to metatarsal bones
- smooth flat surfaces so can glide across each other
- doesn’t allow much movement but is a planes joint
19
Q
what is the metatarsophalangeal joint ? (MTP)
A
- condyloid joint
- between metatarsals and phalanges
- allows lots of movement in all directions
20
Q
what are the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints? (PIP) & (DIP)
A
- hinge joint
- movement allowed in one plane
21
Q
what is the subtalar joint?
A
- between talus and calcaneus
- allows inversion & eversion
22
Q
what are the two main groups of ligaments in the ankle?
A
- lateral collateral ligaments
- medial collateral ligaments
23
Q
what are lateral collateral ligaments?
A
- ligaments grouped together collectively that stabilise tibia, fibula and talus
24
Q
what are the three lateral collateral ligaments?
A
- anterior talofibular ligament
- posterior talofibular ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament
25
what is the anterior talofibular ligament?
- connects talus to fibula at the front
- prevents anterior movement (inversion and PF resisted)
26
what is the posterior talofibular ligament?
- connects talus to fibula at the back
- prevents posterior movement
27
what is the calcaneofibular ligament ?
- connects fibula to calcaneus
28
what are the medial collateral ligaments?
- deltoid ligaments
- 4 ligaments that stabilise the talocrural joint
29
what are the 4 ligaments in medial collateral ligaments?
- anterior tibiotalar
- posterior tibiotalar
- tibiocalcaneal
- tibionavicular
30
what is the anterior tibiotalar ligament?
- connects talus to tibia at front/ medial side
- to control eversion
31
what is the posterior tibiotalar ligament?
- connects talus to tibia at the back
32
what is the tibiocalcaneal ligament?
- connects tibia to calcaneus
- controls abduction of the talus
33
what is the tibionavicular ligament?
- connects the tibia to navicular
- prevents eversion of hindfoot
34
what are the two other ligaments that stabilise the tibia and fibula?
- anterior tibiofibular ligament
- posterior tibiofibular ligament
35
where are plantarflexors found?
- posterior compartment
- attach to back of lower leg & cross over the back of the ankle joint
36
what are the plantarflexors of the ankle? (8)
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
- tibialis posterior
37
where does the gastrocnemius originate and connect to?
- originates at condyle of femur
- connected to calcaneus via Achilles tendon
38
where does the soleus originate and insert?
- originates on proximal end of tibia
- connected to posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
39
where does the plantaris originate and insert?
- originates at lateral supracondylar of femur
- inserts into posterior calcaneus
40
where does fibularis brevis originate and insert into?
- originates at lower lateral fibula and inserts to base of 5th metatarsal
41
where does fibularis longus originate and insert into?
- originates on lateral fibula
- inserts into 5th metatarsal
42
where does flexor digitorum originate and insert?
- originates at proximal ulna and inserts onto base of distal phalanx 2-5
43
where does flexor hallucis longus originate and insert?
- originates at distal shaft of fibula
- inserts on plantar surface distal phalanx
44
where does the tibialis posterior originate and insert?
- originates at upper & proximal posterior surface of tibia and fibula
- inserts onto navicular, cuneiform bones and 2nd- 4th metatarsal
45
where are the dorsiflexors located?
- anterior compartment
- pass in front to lift foot up
46
what are the dorsiflexors? (4)
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- fibularis tertius
- extensor digitorum longus
47
where does the tibialis anterior originate and insert?
- originates on lateral superior surface of tibia
- inserts into 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform bone
48
where does the extensor digitorum longus originate and insert?
- originates at the proximal anterior shaft of fibula
- inserts into middle and distal phalanges (2nd to 5th)
49
where does the extensor hallucis originate and insert?
- originates at anterior surface of fibula
- inserts into base & dorsal centre of distal phalanx of big toe
50
where does the fibularis tertius originate and insert?
- originates at distal anterior fibula
- inserts into 5th metacarpal
51
what are the invertors of the foot?
- tibialis anterior
- tibialis posterior
52
what happens if tibialis anterior and posterior contract at the same time?
- medial side pulled
- inversion
53
what are the evertors?
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
- fibular tertius
54
what happens if all fibularis muscles contract?
- pulls on lateral surface
- eversion
