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PsyStat > ANOVA, chi square and correlation (Finals) > Flashcards

ANOVA, chi square and correlation (Finals) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between ANOVA and the t tests?

A

ANOVA can be used when there are two or more means being compared, whereas the t tests are limited to situations where only two means are involved. ANOVA - 3 or more t-test - 2 only

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1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The no-preference null hypothesis will always produce equal fe values.

A

True

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2
Q

Measure differences within treatment due to

A

Random, unsystematic factors

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The test statistic for ANOVA is an F-ratio, which is a ratio of three sample variances.

A

False, two

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4
Q

A research study that involves only one factor is called a ________________

A

single-factor design

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When there are large differences between fo and fe, the value of chi-square would be small.

A

False, large

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5
Q

___________________ measures the direction and degree of linear (straight line) relationship between two variables.

A

Pearson correlation

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: F is near 1.00 if Ho is false.

A

False, true

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7
Q

A ________ is a statistical method used to measure and describe the relationship between two variables.

A

correlation

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7
Q

When both variables are dichotomous, the resulting correlation is called a ________.

A

phi-coefficient

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The purpose of ANOVA is much the same as the t tests

A

True

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9
Q

The __________________________________________ is measured by the numerical value of the correlation. A value of 1.00 indicates a perfect relationship and a value of zero indicates no relationship.

A

degree of relationship (the strength or consistency of the relationship)

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Chi-square is a hypothesis testing procedure for nominal variables

A

True

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10
Q

What are the categories of Ho for Chi-square test for goodness of fit?

A
  1. No preference 2. No difference from a comparison population
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10
Q

The Pearson correlation requires that the scores be __________ from an ___________ scale of measurement.

A

numerical values interval or ratio

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: One of the assumption of parametric tests is that populations follow a normal curve

A

True

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11
Q

This is used in situations where the researcher wants to determine whether there are preferences among categories

A

No Preference Ho

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: A repeated-measures ANOVA eliminates the influence of individual differences from the analysis

A

True

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13
Q

What information is provided by the sign ( + or - ) of the Pearson correlation?

A

Direction

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14
Q

The frequency value that is predicted from the null hypothesis and the sample size

A

Expected frequency

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15
Q

The number of individuals from the sample who are classified in a particular category

A

Observed frequency

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16
Q

In analysis of variance an independent or a quasi-independent variable is called a _____

A

factor

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17
Q

A __________ measures the relationship between two variables (X and Y) while eliminating the influence of a third variable (Z).

A

partial correlation

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18
Q

This specifies the proportion of the population in each category

A

Null hypothesis

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The null hypothesis is used to generate a set of expected frequencies

A

true

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The typical chi square distribution is negatively skewed.

A

False, positively

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19
Q

Another strategy for non-normal distributions is to covert scores to _____

A

ranks

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Non-parametric tests typically make assumptions about the shape of the distribution

A

False, Parametric tests

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21
Q

What are the two stages of the repeated ANOVA?

A
  1. Divide the variability into two components (Between and within variances) 2.individual differences are measured and subtracted out of the denominator of the F-ratio.
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22
Q

Non=parametric tests are sometimes called ________________

A

Distribution-free tests

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23
Q

__________ measures the portion of variability in one variable that can be predicted using the relationship with the second variable.

A

coefficient of determination

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24
Q

A study with more than one factor is called a

A

factorial design

26
Q

TRUE or FALSE: When the null hypothesis is true and there are no differences between treatments, the F-ratio is balanced.

A

True

27
Q

_____________ is a statistical procedure that determines the equation for the straight line that best fits a specific set of data.

A

Regression

29
Q

TRUE or FALSE: ANOVA allows researcher to evaluate all of the mean differences in a single hypothesis test

A

True

30
Q

A ___________ means that the two variables tend to change in the same direction

A

positive correlation

32
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The existence of a significant treatment effect is apparent if the data produce a balanced F-ratio.

A

False, unbalanced

34
Q

Lists number of observations for each combination of categories

A

Contingency Table

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The general goal of chi-square test for goodness of fit is to compare the observed frequency with the alternative hypothesis.

A

False, Null hypothesis

35
Q

_____________ are used to reveal the real, underlying relationship between two variables when researchers suspect that the apparent relation may be distorted by a third variable.

A

Partial correlations

36
Q

What are the two divisions of variability?

A
  1. Between treatment variance 2. Within treatment variance
38
Q

ANOVA evaluates the ________ of the sample mean differences

A

significance

39
Q

What level of data is used in non=parametric tests?

A

Nominal or ordinal

40
Q

These tests are done after an ANOVA where H0 is rejected with more than two treatment conditions. The tests compare the treatments, two at a time, to test the significance of the mean differences.

A

Post hoc tests

40
Q

3 aspects of relationship in a correlation

A

the direction the form the degree

41
Q

The most common form of relationship is a __________________ which is measured by the ___________

A

straight line or linear relationship Pearson correlation.

42
Q

The ____ of the relationship is measured by the sign of the correlation; either positive or negative

A

direction

43
Q

This is used in situations where a specific population distribution is already known.

A

No difference hypothesis

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: A small chi square value indicates that we should fail the null hypothesis

A

False, fail to reject

46
Q

In chi-square tests, it is customary to present the scale of measurement as a ____________

A

series of boxes

47
Q

The Spearman correlation is used when both variables are measured on __________

A

ordinal scales

48
Q

It measures the relationship between two ordinal variables

A

Spearman correlation

50
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Analysis of variance is necessary to protect researchers from excessive risk of a Type II error

A

False, Type I

52
Q

This states that the population is divided equally among categories

A

No Preference Ho

53
Q

It measures the consistency of direction of the relationship between two variables. The two variables must be converted to ranks before the ________ is computed.

A

Spearman correlation

54
Q

This test determines how well the obtained sample proportions fit the population proportions specified by the null hypothesis

A

Chi-square test for goodness of fit

55
Q

The value of __ is called the __________and determines the direction and degree to which the line is tilted.

A

b slope constant

56
Q

The _________ formula can also be used to measure the relationship between two variables when one or both of the variables is dichotomous.

A

Pearson correlation

57
Q

A ____________ means that the two variables tend to change in opposite directions

A

negative correlation

58
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The goal of ANOVA is to determine whether the standard deviation that are obtained for sample data are sufficiently large to justify a conclusion that there are mean differences between the populations

A

False, Mean differences

59
Q

TRUE or FALSE: A small treatment effect will produce a large value for the F-ratio

A

False, large

60
Q

A ______ is one for which there are exactly two categories: for example, men/women or succeed/fail.

A

dichotomous variable

61
Q

In situations where one variable is dichotomous and the other consists of regular numerical scores (interval or ratio scale), the resulting correlation is called a ______

A

point-biserial correlation.

63
Q

This measures the magnitude of differences that would be expected without any treatment effects.

A

MSwithin

64
Q

For an analysis of variance the common technique for measuring effect size is to ______________________ that is accounted for by the treatment effects.

A

compute the percentage of variance

65
Q

What is the major distinction between the Pearson and Spearman correlations?

A

Spearman correlation is computed on ranks and so depicts monotonic relationships while Pearson correlation is on true values and depicts linear relationships.

66
Q

What information is provided by the numerical value of the Pearson correlation?

A

Degree

67
Q

The value of ____ is called the ______and determines the point where the line crosses the Y-axis.

A

a Y-intercept

68
Q

Give an example of post hoc test

A

Scheffe test Tukey’s HSD

69
Q

Measure differences between treatment due to

A
  1. Systematic treatment effects 2.Random, unsystematic factors
70
Q

Parametric tests require ________ from _____________ scale

A

a numerical score an interval or ratioq

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The chi-square goodness of fit test is designed to answer questions about proportions in the population.

A

True

72
Q

This hypothesis testing procedure uses the proportions obtained from a sample distribution to test hypothesis about the corresponding proportions.

A

Chi-square test

74
Q

The ANOVA simply establishes that differences exist, it does not indicate exactly which treatments are different.

A

True

75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: A correlation between two variables should not be interpreted as implying a causal relationship.

A

True

76
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Non-parametric tests are not as sensitive as parametric tests. they are more likely to fail in detecting difference between two treatments

A

True

77
Q

The differences (or variance) between means can be caused by two sources:

A
  1. Treatment Effects 2. Chance or Sampling Error
78
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The hypothesis test does not necessarily provide information about the actual size of the mean differences.

A

True

79
Q

The ideal, hypothetical sample that would be obtained if the sample proportions were in perfect agreement with the proportions specified in the null hypothesis.

A

Expected frequency

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