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ANP 1107 > ANP 1107 - Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

ANP 1107 - Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Ovarian Ligament

A
  • Anchors ovary medially to the uterus
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2
Q

Suspensory Ligament

A
  • Anchors it laterally to pelvic wall

- Broad ligament

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3
Q

Mesovarium

A
  • Suspends the uterus between

- Broad ligament

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4
Q

Broad Ligaments

A

Peritoneal fold that “tents” over the uterus and supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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5
Q

Ovarian Arteries

A
  • Branches of the abdominal aorta and the ovarian branch of the uterine arteries
  • Blood vessels reach ovaries via suspensory ligaments and mesovaria
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6
Q

Outer Cortex of the Ovaries

A
  • Houses the forming gametes
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7
Q

Inner Medulla of the Ovaries

A
  • Contains large blood vessels and nerves
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8
Q

Ovarian Follicles

A
  • In the outer cortex

- Each one contains an immature egg

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9
Q

Oocyte

A

Immature egg

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10
Q

Fully Mature Vesicular

A
  • Identified by its central fluid-filled cavity (antrum)
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11
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A
  • Tube that the oocyte or egg passes from an ovary towards the uterus
  • Where fertilization occurs
  • 10 cm
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12
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • Open funnel-shaped structure breaking ciliated fingerlike projections
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13
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger like projections that drape over the ovary

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14
Q

What carries the egg

A
  • Smooth muscles peristalsis

- Beating cilia

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15
Q

Tube

A
  • Sheets of smooth muscle

- Thick highly folded mucosa (ciliated and non ciliated)

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16
Q

Microvili

A
  • Produce secretions to keep the egg ( and sperm) warm moist and nourished
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17
Q

Uterus

A
  • Located anterior to the rectum
  • Posterior to the bladder
  • Hollow thick walled muscle organ
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18
Q

Parts of the Uterus

A
  • Fundus (top)
  • Body (middle)
  • Isthmus (middle to bottom)
  • Cervix (Bottom)
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19
Q

Cervical Canal

A
  • Cavity of the cervix

- Communicates with the vagina though external os and the cavity of the uterine body through the internal os

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20
Q

Cervical Mucosa

A
  • Contains canal that contains cervical glands
  • Glands secrete mucous
  • Spots the spread to bacteria and blocks sperm
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21
Q

Uterine Wall: Perimetrium

A
  • incomplete outermost layer

- serous

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22
Q

Uterine Wall: Myometrium

A
  • Muscles of the uterus
  • Middle Layer
  • Smooth muscle
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23
Q

Uterine Wall: Endometrium

A
  • Muscosal linning of the uterine cavity
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Underlain by thick lamina propria
  • Fertilization occurs here
  • Has two layers: Basalis and Functionalis
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24
Q

Blood Supply to the Uterine Wall

A
  • Uterine ateries –> arcuate arteries ( in the myometrium)

- Radial ateries –> straight and coiled arteries (endometrium)

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25
Vagina
- Thin walled - 8 - 10 cm - Passage way for baby, period, and penis
26
Layers of the vagina
(1) Outer fibroelastic : adventitia (2) Smooth muscle : Muscularis (3) Inner mucosa
27
Inner Mucosa of the Vagina
- Marked by transverse rugae - Withstand friction - Dendritic antigen-presenting cells - No glands (lubricated by cervical mucosal glands) - Acidic
28
Hymen
- Mucosal layer near vaginal office | - Vascularized
29
Vaginal Fornix
- Upper end of the vaginal canal, loosley surrounds the cervix
30
Mon Pubis
- Fatty rounded area
31
Labia Majora
- Posterior to the pubis - Two elongated hair covered fatty skin folds - Scrotum
32
Labia Minora
- Enclosed by the labia Majora - Two thin hair free folds - Penis
33
Vestibule
- "Entrance hall" | - Contains external openings
34
Greater Vestibular Glands
- Pea-sized | - On other side of the vaginal openings
35
Fourcette
- Extreme posterior end of vestibule, labia minor come together to form the ridge
36
Clitoris
- Anterior to the vestibule - Protruding structure of erectile tissue Two Parts: (1) Glans of Clitoris: exposed portion (2) Prepuce of Clitoris: formed by junction of the labia minora, richly innervated
37
Functions of the Ovaries
(1) Produce oocytes | (2) Produce reproductive hormones
38
Three Types of Steroid Hormones
* cross the membrane easily - Progestins - Androgens - Estrogens
39
Progestins
- 21 carbons - Produced by all major ovarian cell types - Product of the Corpus lutem - Menstrual cycle pregnancy
40
Androgens
- 19 carbons - Precursors for synthesis of estrodial in developing follicle - Synthesized by follicular theca cells and corpus luteum
41
Estrogens
- 18 carbons - Synthesized by follicular granulosa cells and corpus luteum - Essential for stimulation of follicular development, onset of puberty
42
FSH
Stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrodial
43
LH
Stimulates testosterone production by theca cells | - Stimulates ovulation, secretion of steroid hormones by corpus luteum
44
Hypothalamus
- Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH via GnRH
45
Oogenesis
- Nuclear division of ovaries
46
Oogenesis: Fetal Period
- The oogonia (diploid sperm cell of the ovaries) multiply by mitosis - Enter a growth phase and lay in nutrient reserves - Gradually transformed into primary oocytes - These oocytes begins its first meiotic division and stalls in prophase I
47
Oocyte Numbers Throughout Life
Birth: 7 million Puberty: 250 0000 Age 30: 100 000 Age 50: Less than 5
48
Oocyte Activity around Menstruation
- Once a month one oocyte is selected to undergo meiosis - Produces 2 haploid (23 chromosomes) - These cells are different sizes
49
Polar Body
- Does not receive organelles - Only little cytoplasm - Undergoes meiosis II --? 2 smaller polar bodies
50
Second Oocyte
- Stops in metaphase !! | - Ovum is ovulated
51
Ovum Not Penetrated
- Ovum deteriorates
52
Ovum Penetrated
- Oocyte will complete meiosis II | - Yields one large ovum and a tiny polar body
53
Oogenesis: End Result
- Three tiny polar bodies - One functional gamete - Unequal division: ensures nutrients
54
Follicular Phase
- Period of growth - 4 main stages (1) Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle (2) Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle (3) Secondary follicle becomes a later secondary follicle (4) Late secondary becomes becomes vesicular follicle
55
Follicular Phase: Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
- Primordial follicle is activated - Squamous cells surrounding the primary oocyte grow into cuboidal cells - Now a PRIMARY FOLLICLE
56
Follicular Phase: Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
- Follicular cells proliferate - Form stratified epithelium around the oocyte - More than one layer of cells = SECONDARY FOLLICLE - Follicle cells = granola cells
57
Follicular Phase: Secondary follicle becomes a later secondary follicle
- Connective tissue condenses around the follicle, forming THECA FOLLICLE - As follicle grows, theca cells make estrogen - Oocyte forms the zona pellucida - Liquid accumulates between cells, producing the late secondary follicle
58
Follicular Phase: Late secondary becomes becomes vesicular follicle
- Fluid between the granulosa coalesces - Forms antrum - Antrum makes it a vesicular follicle - Antrum expands to isolate the oocyte - Forms the corona radiate - When follicle is 2.5 cm it bulges
59
Follicle Cells
- Granulosa Cells - Connected by gap junctions - Ions, metabolites, signally molecules pass through gap junctions - Tell the oocyte to grow - signal the oocyte not to complete meiosis
60
Bidirectional Conversion
- Occur between the oocyte and granulosa cells
61
Zona Pellucida
- Think transparent extracellular layer made of glycoprotien rich substance secreted by the oocyte
62
Antrum
- Fluid filled cavity
63
Corona Radiate
- Oocyte and surrounding capsule of granulosa
64
Ovulation
- Wall ruptures and expels the vesicular follicle - Expelled into the peritoneal cavity - One dominant follicle ovulates, triggering LH surge - Other follicles undergo apoptosis
65
Luteal Phase: If fertilization does not occur
- Antrum fills with clotted blood (corpus hemorrahagicium) - Eventually absorbed - Granulosa cells increase in size --> Corpus luteum - CL degenerates after 10 days - Leaves the corpus albicans
66
Corpus Luteum
- Formed after ovulation | - Secretes estrogen and progesteron
67
Luteal Phase: If fertilization occurs
- CL persists until placenta takes over after three months
68
Establishing the Ovarian Cycle
- During childhood ovaries continuously secrete estrogen - Inhibits release of GnRH - Puberty: GnRH releases pulse-like - AP releases FSH and LH - GnRH increase for 4 years - Leads to period
69
Hormones: | GnRH
- GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulates production and release of FSH and LH from AP
70
Hormones: | FSH and LH
- Stimulate follicle growth, maturation, estrogen secretion - FSH --> effect granulosa cells in late secondary - LH --> targets thecal cells - Follicles enlarge, thecal cells produce androgens - Hormones diffuse through BM - G cells convert to estrogen
71
Hormones: | Negative Feedback
- Rising estrogen --> negative feedback on hypo and AP - Inhibits FSH and LH - Pituitary accumulates gonatropins - in overis, estrogen increases effects of FSH on follicle maturation - Inhibin is released by granulosa cells - neg, fb on FSH - Dominant follicule survives
72
Hormones: | LH Surge
- High estrogen sets cascade of events | - Sudden burst of accumulated LH by AP midcycle
73
Hormones: | Ovulation
- Increased LH --> stimulates primary oocyte of dom. fol. to complete meiotic division - Secondary oocyte continues to metaphase II - LH stimulates ovulation (1) increase vascular permeability (2) release prostaglandins (3) enzymes weaken ovary wall - Blood slops flowing through protruding part of the follicle wall - Wall thins - Estrogen levels will decline
74
Hormones: | Corpus Luteum Forms
- LH surge transforms ruptured follicle into CL - Produces progesterone and estrogen immediately - Progesteron helps maintain stratum functionalis
75
Hormones: | Negative Feedback Inhibits FSH and LH Release
- caused by rising estrogen in blood - Inhibin released by CL enhances inhibitory - Declining gonatropin level inhibit the development of new follicles, prevent LH surges (would cause more oocytes)
76
Hormones: | Non Fertile Cycles
- LH blood levels fall - Stimulus for luteal activity ends - CL degenerates - Therefore decline in ovarian hormones and blood estrogen and progesterone level drops - decline ends the blockade of FSH and LH, new cycle starts
77
Menstrual Cycle: | Day 1-5 : Menstrual Phase
- Uterus sheds - Ovarian hormones at lowest - Gonatropins begin to rise - Endo detaches from UW - Bleeding from day 3-5 - Day 5, ovarian follicles produce estrogen
78
Menstrual Cycle: | Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase
- Rising estrogen, endo rebuilds - Basal generates new functionalis - Layer thickens, glands enlarge, spiral arteries increase - Estrogen --> progesterone receptors ready - Estrogen thins mucous - Ovulation --> sudden release of LH from AP - LH converts follicle to CL
79
Menstrual Cycle: | Days 15- 28: Secretory Phase (General)
- Constant - Endo prepares for implantation of embryo - Progesterone forms CL - Spiral arteries --> functional layer to secretory mucosa - Endo glands enlarge, coil and secrete glycogen into uterine cavity -
80
Menstrual Cycle: | Days 15- 28: Secretory Phase (Fertilization)
- Nutrients sustain embryo - Increasing progesterone and estrogen - -> cervical plug - -> LH inhibited by AP
81
Menstrual Cycle: | Days 15- 28: Secretory Phase (No Fertilization)
- CP degenerates - LH declines - Progesteron falls, endo lack support - Menstruation occurs
82
Puberty
- FSH and LH elevated at birth, fall, stay until puberty - the period of life when reproduction organs grow to adult size and become functional - changes due to rising gonadal hormones
83
Puberty: Male
- Androgens rise before testosterone surge - Initiates: - ->Hair growth - ->Enlargement of testes and penis - -> Sperm
84
Puberty: Females
- Budding breasts - Ages 8-13 - Hair
85
Menopause
- Estrogen levels decline - Lose control of ovulation - Periods become irregular
86
Menopause: Effects
- boobs sag - Vagina gets dry - Vaginal infection increase - Depression and irritability - Vasodilatation (heat flashes) - Thinning skin - Weakened bones - Cardiovascular

ANP 1107 (4 decks)

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