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ANP 1107 > ANP 1107 - Pregnancy and Development > Flashcards

ANP 1107 - Pregnancy and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Pregnancy

A

Events that occur from fertilization until the infant is born

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2
Q

Conceptus

A

Women’s developing offspring

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3
Q

Gestation Period

A

Time from last menstrual period to birth

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4
Q

Embryo

A

Conceptus from fertilization to week 8

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5
Q

Fetus

A

Conceptus from week 8 to birth

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6
Q

Viability of Oocyte

A

12 - 24 hours

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7
Q

Viability of Sperm

A

24 - 48 hours

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8
Q

Fertilization

A

When sperms chromostomes combine with those of an egg, forming ZYGOTE

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9
Q

Loss of Sperm

A
  • Leak from Vagina
  • Destroyed in acidic environment
  • Fail to enter cervix
  • destroyed by resident phagocytes
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10
Q

Capacitation

A
  • Must occur within 8-10 hours
  • Enhances mobility and weakens membranes
  • This allows hydrolytic enzymes in the acromosome to be released
  • Sperms membrane protein are removed
  • Cholesterol is depleted, a membrane no longer tough
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11
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 1

A

Hyaluronidase on sperm digests intracellular fluid cement btw granulosa cells –> fall away from oocyte

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12
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 2

A

sperm binds to the ZP3 glycoprotein of the zona pellucid - sperm receptor. Causes increase Ca+ = acrosomal reaction

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13
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 3

A

Reactrion involves the breakdown of the plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane –> releases acrosomal enzymes which digest holes thru zone pellucida

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14
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 4

A

Acrosomes undergo exocytosis digests more holes in zona pelucida

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15
Q

xAcrosome Reaction: Step 5

A

path cleared, sperms go to oocytes membrane. At the same time, actin from sperm binds to oocytes binding receptor

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16
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 6

A

Binding leads to

(1) oocyte and sperm fuse
(2) sperm contents enter oocyte
(3) gametes are fused together perfectly

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17
Q

Polyspermy

A
  • Entry of several sperm into an egg
  • Occurs in some animals
  • Humans (monospermy)
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18
Q

Blocks to Polyspermy

A
  • Sperm enters oocyte, calcium released by oocyte ER

- calcium surge –> cortical reaction

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19
Q

Cortical Reaction

A
  • Granules inside plasma membrane spill out enzymes into extracellular space
  • ZIPS destroy sperm receptors
  • Prevents sperm from entering
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20
Q

Slow Block to Polyspermy

A
  • Spilled material binds water

- Material swells and hardens, detaches sperm receptors on oocyte

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21
Q

Zygote

A
  • A diploid cell resulting in fusion of two haploid gametes
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22
Q

Clevage

A
  • Early events in embryonic period
  • Produces a blastocyte
  • Rapid division of the zygote
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23
Q

Small Cells with High Surface-to-Volume Ratio

A
  • Enhances uptake of nutrients and oxygen and the disposal of waste
  • Provides large amount of cells to serve as building blocks
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24
Q

36 Hours After Fertilization

A
  • First cleavage division of zygote
  • Creates two identical blastocytes
  • Divide to produce 4, 8 cells
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25
71 Hours
- Loos collectionof cells that form from a berry-shaped cluster of 16 or more cells - MORULA
26
4-5 Days After
- Embryo consists of 100 cells | - Begins to float free in uterus
27
Implantation
Blastocyte burrows into endometrium
28
Morula
- Loose collection of cells | - Forms a berry shaped cells cluster of 16 or more
29
Blastocyte
- Fluid filled hollow sphere composed of a single layer of large, flattened cells (trophoblast cells) - Small cluster of 20-30 rounded cells to one side called inner mass
30
Hatching
- At day 5, blastocyte hatches out of the ZP | - Allows increased growth, access to unterine nutrient secretions and blastocyte adhesion to the uterine lining
31
Paturation
- Giving birth to the baby
32
Labour
Series of events that expel the baby from the uterus
33
Surfactant Protein A
- Produces by fetal lungs - Triggers inflammatory response in cervix - Softening of the cervix
34
Cortisol (pregnancy)
- Stimulate placenta to release large amounts of estrogen
35
Rising Estrogen are 3 Consequences
(1) stimulates myometrial cells of uterus to form abundant oxcytocin receptors (2) formation of gap junctions between uterine smooth muscles (3) anatogizes progesterone quieting influence of uterine smooth muscles
36
Baxton Hicks Contractions
False labour contractions
37
Chemicals that convert false labour pains into real labour pains
- fetal cells produce oxytocin | - placenta releases prostaglandins
38
Role of Prostaglandins
- Trigger rhythmic expulvise contractions | - Major role in softening and thinning cervix
39
Oxytocin
- Positive feedback
40
Featal Fibronectin
- Binds fetal and maternal tissues fo placenta together, turns to lubricant before true labour
41
Antiprostaglandins
- Advil can inhibit early stages of labour such drugs used to prevent preterm birth
42
Lactation
production of milk by hormone-prepared mammary glands
43
Factors that increase release of Prolactin Releasing Factors
``` Rising levels in - estrogens - progesterone - human placental lactogen (hPl) At the end of pregnancy ```
44
Prolactin
- Secreted by AP glands
45
Colostrum
- Secreted by mammary glands - less lactose than milk - Little fat - Vitamine A - IgA
46
Continued milk production requires
- Suckling - Mechanical Stimulus - Impulses prompt release of oxytocin from PT - Oxytocin cause let down reflex -- ejection of milk
47
Oxytocin
- Stimulates uterus to contract, return to pre pregnant size
48
Prolactin
- High levels stop ovarian cycles
49
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | related to the placenta
- hCG - Secreted by trophoblast cells - Bypasses hypothalmic-pituitary-ovaria controls at this time - prompt CL to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen - premotes placental development - can be detected in mother blood after 4 month, then decline
50
Human Placental Lactogen (hPl) | related to the placenta
- Structurally similar to GH and prolactin (hCs) - Placental begins to secrete hPL during 1st semester - Increases until delivery (1) prepares for post natal lactation (2) supports fetal bone growth (3) makes glucose available to fetus
51
Estrogen | related to the placenta
- comes from ovaries - converts circulaing androgens to estrogen estrogen --> estradiol 17 --> estriol (1) maintain uterine endometrium (2) breast development
52
Effects of Pregnancy: | GI tract
- Nausea and vomiting (elevated levels of hCG)
53
Effects of Pregnancy: | Urinary Tract
- Kidneys increase in length by 1 -1.5 cm - Bladder tone decreases, capacity increases - GFR increases 30-50% in first trimester - High progesterone promotes renal sodium (a water loss) - Increased aldostersone and estrogen promotes promote salt and water retention - increased UTI
54
Effects of Pregnancy: | Cervix
- Softening and increased vascularity from 1st trimester - increased production of mucus by endocervical glands - increased susceptibility to vaginal candidiasis (fungal infections) - high estrogen and high glycogen
55
Effects of Pregnancy: | Vagina
- Cervical secretions increases in quantity, decreases pH | - Increased susceptibility to vaginal candidates
56
Effects of Pregnancy: | Uteres
- Enlarges by hypertrophy | - From 50 -1000 g
57
Lower UTI
Simple cystitis
58
Upper UTI
Kidney Infection
59
Why the infections?
High progesterone --> elevates risk of decreased muscle tone --> leads to reflux, where urine flows back
60
Important Vitamines
- Vitamin D (bone development) - Folic acid (development of neural rubes) - Vitamines K (Blood clotting)
61
Important Minerals
- Iron (fetal RBC production and development) | - Calcium (bone development and density)
62
Stages of Pregnancy
Dilatation Expulsion Placental
63
Dilation
From labour onset to when the cervix is fully dilated
64
Dilation: Contraction
- Weak but regular contractions | - 15 - 30 minutes apart (10 -30 secs)
65
Dilation: Water Broke
amniotic fluid is released
66
Dilation: Time
- Longest part of labour | - 6-12 hours
67
Dilation: Engagement
- When baby' head enter true pelvis
68
Expulsion
from dilation to delivery
69
Expulsion: Contractions
- Strong | - Occur every 2-3 min (1 min)
70
Expulsion: Length
- 2 hours - 50 minutes first baby - 20 minutes later babies
71
Expulsion: Crowning
largest dimension of the babies head reaches the vulva
72
Expulsion: Episiotomy
Reduce tearing
73
Expulsion: Vertex
Head first
74
Expulsion: Breech
Feet first
75
Placental Stage
- Delivery of the placenta and its attached fetal membranes (afterbirth) - 30 minutes after birth - Strong uterine contractions compress uterine blood vessels, limit bleeding, sheds placenta sheds from uterine wall
76
Neuroendocrine
Nervous system sends impulse, hormones act on them
77
Neuroendocrine reflex
- Triggered by pressure of baby's head on cervix - Result: each contraction, cervix softens and thins (effaces) and dilates - Eventually, amnion ruptures (water breaks)
78
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterus to synthesize prostaglandins - EFFECT: Prostaglandins initiate labour - Swelling of head causes release of more oxytocin
79
Oxytocin levels
- High throughout pregnancy | - Doesn't initiate pregnancy because of limited receptors and elevated progesterone

ANP 1107 (4 decks)

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