ANS and Essentials

Question 1

What is the preganglionic NT of the ANS?

Answer 1

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 2

What are the postganglionic NTs of the ANS?

Answer 2

Symathetic: Epi and Norepi
Parasympathetic: Ach

Question 3

Acetylcholine is deactivating in most parts of the body. The exceptions where Ach is activating are…

Answer 3

Gut, kidney, and CNS

Question 4

A drug that blocks Ach has what affect on CNS?

Answer 4

Sedating - Benadryl is an ex.

Question 5

List the effects of PNS stimulation.

Answer 5

Bradycardia, HypoTN, Miosis (constricted pupil), inc blood to skin and viscera, inc peristalsis, inc excretion and salivation

Question 6

List the effects of SNS stimulation.

Answer 6

Tachycardia, HTN, mydriasis (pupil dilation), bronchodilation, inc glucose production in liver, inc blood to skeletal muscles, brain, and heart.

Question 7

What is the NT of skeletal and smooth muscle?

Answer 7

Ach –> paralytics block Ach

Question 8

List the SNS receptors and their locations and effects.

Answer 8

A1: vasculature
A2: n/a for this class
B1: heart
B2: lungs and vasculature
Alpha constricts and beta dilates

Question 9

Which receptors do epi and norepi bind to and what is the clinical result?

Answer 9

Epi: A1, A2, B1, B2
Norepi: A1, A2, B1
Clinical: Norepi is a more potent vasopressor and provides no bronchodilation

Question 10

Give an example of a receptor that has different effects in different locations.

Answer 10

5-HT

Question 11

Give an example of a substance that acts differently based on its location and concentration.

Answer 11

Interleukins and cytokines

Question 12

What is the composition of urea and how and where is it made?

Answer 12

Urea is made of 2 amines (NH3) and one ketone (C=O). Amino acids are broken down into ammonia which is converted to urea in the liver.

Question 13

What causes hepatic encephalopathy in hepatitis.

Answer 13

Failing liver can’t make ammonia into urea. Ammonia crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Question 14

Differentiate viruses from bacteria in terms of their replication.

Answer 14

Viruses: replicate intracellularly
Bacteria: replicate extracellularly

Question 15

List the hierarchy of vaccine types from best to worst.

Answer 15

Live vaccines > dead vaccines > conjugate vaccines (weak antigen + strong antigen) > toxoids (based on toxin produced by a bacterium)

Question 16

What is the effect of aldosterone on Na and K?

Answer 16

Aldosterone loves Na and hates K –> retain Na and excrete K.

Question 17

What is meant by saying a drug is “dirty” and is that a positive or negative effect?

Answer 17

Dirty = drug does more than you want it to. Can be positive or negative –> Lots of side effects but TCAs = antidepressant used to treat insomnia.

Question 18

What is the effect if GABA?

Answer 18

GABA is an inhibitory NT –> causes sedation

Question 19

How are dopamine (DA) and Ach levels in the CNS related.

Answer 19

Balanced –> if DA increases, Ach decreases and if Ach increases, Da decreases.

Question 20

What diseases result from too much and too little DA?

Answer 20

Too much DA = schizophrenia
Too little DA = Parkinson’s
Can have both diseases as they occur in different parts of the brain.

Question 21

What are the precursors to epi and norepi synthesis?

Answer 21

phenylalanine and tyrosine

Question 22

What is the precursor for 5-HT (serotonin) synthesis and what is its effect?

Answer 22

L-tryptophan –> makes you tired

Question 23

What is the precursor for DA and what is the difference between this precursor and DA?

Answer 23

L-dopa –> crosses blood-brain barrier but DA does not.

Question 24

What is the precursor for GABA synthesis?

Answer 24

Glutamate

Question 25

Differentiate Addison's disease from Cushing's Disease.

Answer 25

Addison's: too little steroid | Cushing's: too much steroid

Question 26

What are the types of monoamines?

Answer 26

DA, norepi, epi, 5-HT, melatonin

Question 27

What enzyme chews up monoamines?

Answer 27

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 28

What enzyme chews up Ach?

Answer 28

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 29

What is the specific effect of nerve gasses and insecticides?

Answer 29

They are irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Drugs we use are reversible inhibitors.

Question 30

In addition to enzyme breakdown, what other way do neurons regulate NT levels?

Answer 30

Recycling: reuptake (pulls it in) then pumps it back out

Question 31

What is the precursor to prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes

Answer 31

Arachadonic acid

Question 32

What is used to make PGs from their precursor?

Answer 32

COX-1 and COX-2

Question 33

How do NSAIDs have their effect?

Answer 33

Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 to dec pain and inflam.

Question 34

How do steroids have their effect?

Answer 34

Inhibit formation of arachadonic acid.

Question 35

What is the effect of PGs and angiotensin-2 (AG-2) in the kidneys?

Answer 35

PG: dilate afferent arteriole | AG-2: constricts the efferent arteriole