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ANS control Flashcards

1
Q

The ANS is under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Involuntary control

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2
Q

What are some examples of physiological functions that the ANS controls?

A

Heart rate

Blood pressure

Body temperature

Response to exercise, stress

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3
Q

What are some examples of tissues that the ANS controls?

A

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle - vascular, viscerall

Exocrine gland secretion

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

How is the ANS divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

Based on where the pre-ganglionic nerve fibres emerge from the spinal cord

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6
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS tend to have opposite or similar effects on a tissue?

A

Opposite effects

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7
Q

When is sympathetic activity increased?

A

During stress

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8
Q

When is parasympathetic activity more dominant?

A

During basal conditions

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9
Q

How is sympathetic activity to different tissues increased?

A

Sympathetic activity to one particular tissue can increase independently

Or sympathetic activity to all tissues can increase altogether

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10
Q

What are the receptors of the sympathetic nerveous system?

A

A1
B1
B2
M3

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11
Q

Where are A1 receptors found?

A

Pupil of eye

Sweat glands

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12
Q

What does stimulation of A1 receptors lead to?

A

Contraction of radial muscle
dilation of pupul

Localised secretion of sweat
e.g. palms

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13
Q

Where are B1 receptors located?

A

The heart

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14
Q

What does stimulation of B1 receptors lead to?

A

Increase in heart rate

Increase in force of contraction

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15
Q

Where are B2 receptors located?

A

Lungs

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16
Q

What does stimulation of B2 receptors lead to?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle in bronchi

bronchodilation

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17
Q

Where are sympathetic M3 receptors located?

A

Sweat glands

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18
Q

What does stimulation of sympathetic M3 receptors lead to?

A

Generalised secretion of sweat

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19
Q

What are the receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

M2

M3

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20
Q

Where are M2 receptors located?

A

Heart

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21
Q

What does stimulation of M2 receptors lead do?

A

Decrease in heart rate

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22
Q

Where are parasympathetic M3 receptors located?

A

Pupil of eye

Lungs

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23
Q

What does stimulation of the parasympathetic M3 receptors lead to?

A

Contraction of sphincter muscle
constriction of pupil

Contraction of smooth muscle in bronchi
bronchoconstriction

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24
Q

What does the ANS control in the cardiovascular system?

A

Herat rate

Force of contraction of heart

Peripheral resistance - contraction, relaxation of smooth muscle in arterioes

Venoconstriction - contraction, relaxation of smooth muscle in veins

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25
At rest, sympathetic or parasympathetic inputs to the heart dominate?
Parasympathetic input
26
If the heart was denervated, would it still beat? Why?
Yes | SA node myocytes would still spontaneously depolarise
27
If the heart was denervated, how would the heart rate change? Why?
Heart rate would increase | because would have removed large parasympathetic input
28
What is the 10th cranial nerve?
The vagus nerve
29
What does the vagus nerve innervate?
SA node | AV node
30
Where does the vagus nerve synapse with the post-ganglionic nerve fibre?
Epicardial surface or within myocardium at SA and AV node
31
Which neurotransmitter do the parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerve fibres release?
Acetylcholine
32
What receptor does the acetylcholine act on?
M2 receptors
33
How does the stimulation of M2 receptors affect the heart?
Negative chronotropic effect - decrease in in heart rate Decrease in AV node conduction velocity
34
Where do post-ganglionic nerve fibres of the sympathetic nervous system arise from?
The sympathetic trunk
35
What do post-ganglionic nerve fibres of the sympathetic nervous system innervate in the heart?
SA node AV node Myocardium
36
Which neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic nerve fibres of the sympathetic nerve system release?
Noradrenaline
37
Which receptors do noreadrenaline act on in the heart?
B1 receptors
38
How does stimulation of the B1 receptors affect the heart?
Positive chronotropic effect - increase in heart rate Positive inotropic effect - increase in force of contraction
39
What are receptors that detect changes in pressure called?
Baroreceptors
40
Where are baroreceptors of the cardiovascular system located?
Aortic arch Carotic sinus
41
What is the cardiovascular control centre in the nervous system?
Medulla oblongata
42
Where is the medulla oblongata located?
Brainstem
43
How are sensory inputs carried from the carotid sinus to the medulla oblongata?
Via the glossopharyngeal nerve - cranial nerve 9
44
How are sensory inputs carried from the aortic arch to the medulla oblongata?
Via the vagus nerve - cranial nerve 10
45
How is parasympathetic output carried from the medulla oblongata to the heart?
Via the vagus nerve - cranial nerve 10
46
How does stimulation of B1 receptors increase heart rate?
``` second messenger cAMP produced ligand for HCN channels increased activity of HCN channels increased influx of Na+ faster depolarisation to threshold action potential fired earlier ```
47
How does stimulation of M2 receptors decrease heart rate?
decrease in cAMP Beta-gamma subunit acts on K+channels increases their conductance more negative membrane potential takes longer to reach threshold action potential fired later
48
How does stimulation of B1 receptors increase force of contraction?
PKA activated increased uptake of Ca2+ in SR more Ca2+ available for release phosphorylates VGCCs, increasing their activity more Ca2+ influx increased sensitivty of contractile proteins to Ca2+
49
Do blood vessels recieve sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation? What is the exception?
Sympathetic Erectile tissue has parasympathetic innervation
50
What type of receptor do most blood vessels contain?
A1 adrenoceptors
51
Some blood vessels have additional types of receptors. What are they?
Skeletal muscle vasculature Coronary arteries Also have B2 receptors
52
What is vasomotor tone?
The degree of vasoconstriction at resting output of sympathetic nervous system
53
What are the functions of the vasomotor tone?
To allow for vasodilation Promote return of blood to heart
54
What does increased stimulation of A1 adrenoceptors in blood vessels lead to?
Vasoconstriction
55
What does decreased stimulation of A1 adrenoceptors in blood vessels lead to?
Vasodilation
56
In skeletal muscle vasculature, coronary arteries...noradrenaline prefentially binds to what type of receptor?
A1 adrenoceptors
57
In skeletal muscle vasculature, coronary arteries...adrenaline preferentially binds to what type of receptor?
Physiological conc. - B2 adrenoceptors High conc - B2+A1 adrenoceptors
58
What does increased stimulation of B2 adrenoceptors in blood vessels lead to?
Vasodilation
59
How does stimulating A1 adrenoceptors in blood vessels lead to vasconstriction?
second messenger IP3 | increased Ca2+ release from SR store
60
How does stimulating B2 adrenoceptors in blood vessels lead to vasodilation?
PKA phosphorylates MLCK inhibits it PKA also opens K+ channels hyperpolarisation of smooth muscle cell
61
What are some examples of metabolites that have vasodilator effects?
Adenosine H+ Increased pCO2
62
In skeleta muscle, coronary arteries...is vasodilation produced by stimulation of B2 adrenoceptors or vasodilation by local metabolites more important?
Vasodilation by local metabolites
63
What are the groups of drugs acting on the ANS?
Sympathomimetics - adrenoceptor agonists Adrenoceptor antagonists Cholinergics - muscarinic agonists and antagonists
64
What is an example of a B1 agonist and when it's used?
Dobutamine given in cardiogenic shock Adrenaline given in anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest
65
What is an examle of a B2 agonist and when it's used?
Salbutamol | given for asthma
66
What is an example of a non-selective B1 antagonist?
Propanolol
67
What is an example of a selective B1 antagonist?
Atenolol
68
What are the advantages of selective B1 antagonists over non-selective?
Only have cardiac effects - reduce heart rate and force of contraction No respiratory side effects - bronchoconstriction
69
What is an exanple of a selective A1 antagonist and when it's used?
Prazosin | used to treat resistant hypertension
70
How do A1 antagonists work?
Block A1 adrenoceptors Prevent noradrenaline stimulating A1 receptors Loss of vasconstriction Gives vasodilation
71
What is an example of a muscarinic agonist and what it's used for?
Pilocarpine | used to treat glaucoma
72
How does a muscarinic agonist treat glaucoma?
M3 receptors in eye stimulate sphincter muscle to contract constricts pupil back to normal
73
What are some examples of muscarinic antagonists and what they're used for?
Atropine, tropicamide Increase heart rate Bronchodilation Diates pupils of eye for eye examination
74
What is the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibres to the heart?
Vagus nerve
75
How is sympathetic output carried from the medulla oblongata to the heart?
Via tract nerve to lower down in spinal cord Pre-ganglionic nerve fibre from spinal cord to post-ganglionic nerve fibre Post-ganglionic nerve fibre to SA node, AV node, myocardium

Cardiovascular System (22 decks)

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