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ANS Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

Sympathetic nervous system response

A

fight or flight

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2
Q

parasympathetic nervous system response

A

rest and digest

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3
Q

Which nervous system contains peripheral ganglions (2 neuron path)?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic (autonomic nervous system)

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4
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter of all preganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in all parasympathetic nervous system post ganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

What is the transmitter in most sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

norepinephrine

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7
Q

What target tissues are the exception for sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

Sweat glands, renal vasculature, adrenal medulla

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8
Q

What is the transmitter in the postganglionic neuron for sweat glands?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What is the transmitter in the postganglionic neuron for renal vascular smooth muscle?

A

Dopamine

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10
Q

What is the transmitter in the postganglionic neuron for the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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11
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter for the somatic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

What type of receptor is located at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons? (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

nicotinic receptors

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13
Q

What type of receptor is activated on the target organ by parasympathetic neurons? What is the neurotransmitter?

A

muscarinic receptor; activated by acetylcholine

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons? (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

What type of receptor is activated on the target organ by most sympathetic neurons? What is the neurotransmitter?

A

adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta); activated by norepinephrine

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16
Q

What do post-ganglionic neurons involved with stress-related excretion release?

A

norepinephrine

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17
Q

What do post-ganglionic neurons involved with thermoregulation release?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

Where do adrenal pre-ganglionic neurons synapse?

A

directly on the adrenal gland

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19
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic adrenal neurons? What is the receptor?

A

acetylcholine; nicotinic receptors.

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20
Q

What neurotransmitter do adrenal glands release into systemic circulation?

A

epinephrine

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21
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on the renal vascular smooth muscle? What receptor?

A

Dopamine; D1 dopamine receptor.

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22
Q

What is the neuron type for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cholinergic

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23
Q

What is the neuron type for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenergic

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24
Q

What is the endogenous neurotransmitter for cholinergic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine

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25
What are the exogenous neurotransmitters for the cholinergic receptors?
Nicotine and Muscarine
26
What are the endogenous neurotransmitters for the adrenergic receptors?
epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE)
27
What are drugs that mimic neurotransmitters referred to as? What this their effect on receptors?
receptor agonists; they activate receptors
28
What are drugs that block neurotransmitters referred to as? What is their effect?
receptor antagonists; they block the endogenous neurotransmitters from activating receptors.
29
What are the two types of cholinoceptors? What are their subtypes? Which part of the ANS do they primarily affect?
Nicotinic: Nm, Nn Muscarinic: M1, M2, M3 Parasympathetic
30
What are the two types of adrenoceptors? What are their subtypes? Which part of the ANS do they primarily affect?
Alpha: A1, A2 Beta: B1, B2, B3 Sympathetic
31
Where are the nicotinic receptors located?
ganglia, skeletal muscle, and the neuronal CNS
32
What type of receptor is the nicotinic receptor?
5 subunit ionotropic sodium ion channel
33
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the nicotinic receptor? exogenous neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine; nicotine (selective)
34
What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor?
7 transmembrane domain G-protein coupled receptor
35
Which cholinergic receptors are associated with the Gq pathway ?
M1, M3, and M5
36
Which cholinergic receptors are associated with the Gi pathway?
M2 and M4
37
Describe the pathway for M1, M3, and M5 cholinergic receptors
Signal via Gq pathway; IP3 mobilizes Calcium from intercellular stores; DAG activates protein kinase C.
38
Describe the pathway for M2 and M4 cholinergic receptors
Signal via Gi pathway; inhibits adenylyl cyclase
39
Describe the pathway for a1 adrenergic receptors
Signal via Gq pathway; calcium mobilized from intercellular stores; DAG activates protein kinase C
40
Where are a1 adrenergic receptors found?
vascular smooth muscle; genitourinary smooth muscle; intestinal smooth muscle; heart; liver
41
What is the effect of activated a1 adrenergic receptor?
mediates vasoconstriction
42
Describe the pathway for a2 adrenergic receptors
Signals via Gi pathway; inhibits adenylyl cyclase; reduced CAMP-dependent protein kinase activity; activates certain K+ channels.
43
Where are a2 adrenergic receptors found?
found pre-synaptically; function as autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output
44
What is the function of a2 adrenergic receptors?
Autoreceptors to inhibit sympathetic output; results in decreased transmitter release
45
Describe the pathway for B1, B2, and B3 adrenergic receptors
Signal through Gs pathway; activates adenylyl cyclase; increased cAMP leading to protein kinase activation; results in phosphorylation of ion channels and other proteins.
46
M2&4 vs B1 receptor; what is the interaction?
Gi (M2&4) vs Gs (B1) the M receptors counteract B1 receptors, reducing cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity
47
Which neurotransmitters are involved in sympathetic mechanisms? What are the receptors called?
norepinephrine and epinephrine; adrenergic receptors
48
Which neurotransmitters are involved in parasympathetic mechanisms; what are the receptors called?
acetylcholine; cholinergic receptors
49
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the rate of contraction in the heart? What is the response?
B1>B2; rate of contraction increases
50
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the force of contraction in the heart? what is the response?
B1>B2; force of contraction increases
51
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the rate of contraction in the heart? What is the response?
M2; rate of contraction decreases
52
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the force of contraction in the heart? What is the response?
M2; force of contraction decreases
53
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the contraction in most arteries? What is the response?
a1; vasoconstriction
54
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the contraction in most veins? What is the response?
a1&2; vasoconstriction
55
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the contraction of vasculature in most skeletal muscle? What is the response?
B2; vasodilation
56
What cholinergic receptor mediates contraction in endothelium? What is the response?
M3; Releases EDRF (strong vasodilator)
57
predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of arterioles
sympathetic
58
predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of veins
sympathetic
59
Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of sweat glands
sympathetic
60
Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of heart
parasympathetic
61
Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of eye (iris)
parasympathetic
62
Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of eye (ciliary body)
parasympathetic
63
Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of GI tract
parasympathetic
64
Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of bladder
parasympathetic
65
Predominant tone (symp vs parasymp) of salivary gland
parasympathetic
66
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the bronchiolar smooth muscle in the lung? What is the response?
B2; bronchodilation
67
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the bronchiolar smooth muscle in the lung? What is the response?
M2&3; bronchoconstriction
68
What adrenergic receptor mediates the bladder wall? What is the response?
B3; relaxation
69
What adrenergic receptor mediates the ureter? What is the response?
a1; contraction
70
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the sphincter? What is the response?
a1; contraction
71
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the pregnant uterus? What is the response?
B2; relaxation a1; contraction
72
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the penis/ vas deferens? What is the response?
a1; ejaculation
73
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the bladder wall? What is the response?
M3; contraction
74
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the ureter? What is the response?
M3; relaxation
75
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the sphincter? what is the response?
M3; relaxation
76
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the pregnant uterus? What is the response?
M3; variable response
77
Which cholinergic receptor mediates the penis/ vas deferens?
M3; erection
78
Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate the salivary glands? What is the response?
a1; increases secretion M3; increases secretion
79
Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate the smooth muscle walls in the GI tract?
a2 and B2; relaxation M3; contraction
80
Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate the smooth muscle sphincters in the GI tract?
a1; contraction M3; relaxation
81
Which adrenergic and cholinergic receptors mediate secretion in the GI tract?
a2; inhibit secretion M3; increase secretion
82
Which part of the ANS is the skin controlled by?
The sympathetic nervous system only
83
Which adrenergic receptor mediates the hair follicles and smooth muscle in the skin? Response?
a1; contraction and piloerection
84
Which receptor mediates thermoregulation in the skin? Response?
M3; increase secretion
85
Which receptor mediates stress in the skin? What is the response?
a1; increase secretion
86
Which receptors regulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver?
a1;B2 adrenergic
87
Which receptors regulate the metabolic function of fat cells? What is the response?
a1; B1,2,3; lipolysis
88
Which receptors regulate the metabolic function of the kidney? What is the response?
B1; increase renin secretion
89
Which receptors regulate the metabolic function of the pancreas? What is the response?
a2; decrease insulin release
90
What receptor regulates the radial muscle in the eye? What is the response?
a1; contraction
91
What receptor regulates the circular muscle in the iris? what is the response?
M3; contraction
92
What receptor regulates the ciliary muscle in the eye? What is the response? Symp/parasymp?
Sympathetic: B2; relaxation Parasympathetic; contraction; M3
93
What receptor regulates the ciliary epithelium in the eye? What is the response?
b2; increase secretion of aqueous humor
94
What receptor regulates the lacrimal glands? What is the response? Sympathetic vs parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: a1; mucus and enzymes Parasymp: M3; tears (watery)
95
Which part of the nervous system controls the arteries and veins?
Sympathetic only; a1 and B2; constriction and dilation
96
Which muscle and receptor control pupillary constriction?
Circular muscle; constricted by parasympathetic nerves and M3
97
Which muscle and receptor control pupillary dilation?
Radial muscle; sympathetic nerves and a1
98
Which receptors and muscles are targeted in treatment of glaucoma?
M3 agonist- ciliary muscle a2 agonist- ciliary body B antagonist- ciliary epithelium

Therapeutics (7 decks)

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