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ANS- Prodigy FCs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympahtetic

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2
Q

Where do sympathetic postganglionic neurons originate?

A

In the peripheral sympathetic ganglia or one of the sympathetic chain ganglia

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3
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers from cranial nerve IX innervate what gland?

A

The parotid gland

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4
Q

Parasympathetic fibers from cranial nerve VII serve what areas? (3)

A

The nasal, submandibular, and lacrimal glands.

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5
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers located within cranial nerve III innervate what two areas?

A

The ciliary muscle of the eye and the pupillary sphincter.

B2 Relaxation of the ciliary muscle > lens flattens > far vision (SNS)
CN 3 > M1 - constriction of ciliary muscle > lens protrudes > near vision (PNS)

A1 - Contracts pupillary muscle/ sphincter > Dilates the pupil (SNS)
CN3 > M1? - relaxes the pupillary sphincter > constricts the pupil (PNS)

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6
Q

Parasympathetic nerves are supplied via the vagus nerves to what areas of the body? (11)

A

Esophagus

Heart

Lungs

Stomach

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Small intestine

Proximal colon

Upper ureters

Kidneys

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7
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibers exit the CNS?

A

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10

S2-S4

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8
Q

At what point do preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit spinal nerves?

A

Immediately following the spinal nerve’s exit from the spinal canal (T1-L2)

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons found?

A

In the intermediolateral (IML) horn of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

How do sympathetic nerves differ from skeletal motor nerves?

A

Skeletal motor nerves are comprised a 1 single neuron

Sympathetic pathways are comprised of 2 neurons which are termed preganglionic and postganglionic neruons

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11
Q

Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers can be found in what cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

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12
Q
  1. Does the parasympathetic nervous system contain both preganglionic and postganglionic neruons?
  2. How do they differ from the sympathetic pathways?
A
  1. Yes
  2. Most preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel uninterrupted the entire way to the effector organ.
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13
Q

All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) are cholinergic and therefore secrete what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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14
Q

Name the two main receptors that acetylcholine activates.

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

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15
Q

What are the two major types of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta

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16
Q

Almost all of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic and therefore secrete what NT?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for thermogenesis?

A

Beta 3

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18
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete NE considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic

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19
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

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20
Q

Are the sympathetic nerve fibers that terminate in the adrenal medulla preganglionic or postganlionic? What NT do they secrete?

A

Preganglionic, Acetylcholine

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21
Q

Where are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons located?

A

Within the wall of the effector organ (or very close to it)

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22
Q
  1. The majority of sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic and therefore secrete what substance?
  2. Sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers serving what 3 areas are cholinergic?
A

Norepi

  1. Cutaneous arterioles
  2. Sweat glands
  3. Piloerector muscles
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23
Q

Sacral parasympathetic fibers are distributed to what areas of the body? (5)

A
  1. Descending colon
  2. Urinary bladder
  3. Rectum
  4. Lower portions of ureters
  5. External genitalia
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24
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for increasing cardiac contractility and increased HR?

A

B1

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25
What alpha receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction?
Alpha 1 | (and post-synaptic alpha-2 in VSM)
26
What alpha receptor results in inhibition of NT release when stimulated?
Presynaptic alpha-2
27
What beta receptor is responsible for uterine and intestinal relaxation?
Beta 2
28
What beta receptors are located in the lungs that result in bronchodilaton when stimulated?
Beta 2
29
What beta receptor is responsible for glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and bladder wall relaxation?
Beta 2 (I thought lipolysis was beta 3?)
30
What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on heart muscle?
Increased inotropy
31
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the gallbladder and bile ducts?
Relaxation
32
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the liver?
Causes the liver to release gluose/Glycogenolysis
33
How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the gut?
Decreased peristalsis and decreased tone within the lumen
34
How does activation of the SNS affect the lungs?
Bronchodilation and mild constriction of blood vessels (more air, less blood? maybe? lol)
35
What happens when beta 2 receptors within the coronary arteries are stimulated?
They vasodilate
36
How does stimulation of the SNS affect sweat glands?
Increase sweat release
37
What are the renal effects of SNS stimulation?
Decreased UOP and increase in RENIN secretion Renin - released from juxtaglomerular apparatus Converts angiotensinogen to angiotension 1
38
How does activation of the SNS Affect heart rate?
Increased chromotropy
39
How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the nasal, parotid, submandibular, gastric, pancreatic, and nasal glands?
Vasoconstriction and minimal secretion
40
How does activation of the SNS Affect systemic arterioles of the abdominal viscera and skin?
Vasoconstriction
41
What effect does activation of the SNS have on fat cells?
lipolysis
42
How does stimulation of the SNS affect the piloerector muscles?
Causes them to contract
43
How does SNS activation affect skeletal muscle?
Increase in glycogenolysis and increase in strength
44
How does activation of the SNS affect the adrenal medulla secretion?
Increased epi and norepi release (80%/20%)
45
How does activation of the SNS affect coagulation?
increased coagulation
46
How does activation of the SNS affect the penis?
Ejaculation
47
How does SNS stimulation affect the detrusor and trigone muscles of the bladder?
Relaxation of the detrusor muscle (pee = contraction of this muscle) Contraction of the trigone muscle (prevent pee form coming out)
48
How does SNS activation affect basal metabolism?
increases it up to 100%
49
How does stimulation of the SNS Affect the pupil?
Mydriasis
50
How does stimulation of the SNS affect the apocrine glands?
Causes them to release odiferous, thick secretions
51
How does activation of the PSNS affect systemic arterioles?
No effect
52
How does activation of the PSNS affect the penis?
Erection
53
How does PSNS stimulation affect the detrusor and trigone muscles of the bladder?
Causes detrusor to contract and trigone to relax (so you can pee)
54
How does PSNS stimulation affect the pupil?
Miosis
55
How does PSNS stimulation affect the gallbladder and bile ducts?
Contraction
56
How does PSNS stimulation affect the kidney?
No effect
57
How does PSNS stimulation affect adrenal medulla secretion?
No effect
58
Is there any parasympathetic activity in fat cells?
Nope
59
Does activation of the PSNS have any effect on skeletal muscle?
Nada
60
How does PSNS stimulation affect the piloerector muscles?
No effect
61
Is there any parasympathetic effect on coagulation?
Negative
62
How does PSNS activation affect basal metabolism?
It doesn't!
63
How does PSNS stimulation affect the sweat glands?
It produces sweat on the palms of the hands
64
How does PSNS stimulation affect the lacrimal, parotid, nasal, submandibular, pancreatic, and gastric glands?
Increased secretion
65
Does stimulation of the PSNS have any effect on apocrine glands?
no0o0o0
66
How does PSNS stimulation affect the gut?
Increased muscle tone of the GI tract and increased peristalsis
67
How does PSNS stimulation affect the bronchi?
Bronchoconstriction
68
How does PSNS stimulation affect the liver?
Slight increase in glycogen synthesis (storage of glucose)
69
How does PSNS stimulation affect the heart muscle?
Decreased inotropy
70
How does PSNS stimulation affect the HR?
decreases it via the vagus nerve and M2 receptors
71
How does PSNS stimulation affect the coronary arteries?
dilation ? I thought SNS did this...maybe not... that's why people have MI's related to stress
72
What 2 hormones are released into the bloodstream in mass quantities when stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the adrenal medulla occurs?
Epi (80%) and NE (20%)
73
74
All sympathetic NTs are synthesized from what substance? Where does this synthesis take place?
Tyrosine Synthesized in the post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve ending (makes sense since postganglionic sympathetic neurons are the ones to release NE)
75
Where do sympathetic nerve fibers orginate?
In the spinal cord and spinal nerves between T1-L2. \>Then pass into the sympathetic chain \>Then on to the organs and tissues they innervate
76
The ANS is responsible for regulating what functions? (7)
Arterial pressure control GI secretions GI motility Bladder emptying Sweating Body temp Involuntary regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle
77
Are postganglionic neurons of the PSNS considered to be cholinergic or adrenergic?
Cholinergic
78
Where are the muscarinic receptors located?
On all effector cells stimulated by the postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either the PNS or SNS
79
Cardiac pump function is affected by the SNS and PSNS in what 3 ways?
Heart rate (Chronotropy) Force of contraction (Inotropy) Modulation of coronary blood blow
80
The anterior hypothalamus is involved with the regulation of what?
Temperature regulation
81
What is the supraoptic hypothalamus responsible for regulating?
Water metabolism
82
What is the primary area for relay of afferent chemoreceptor and baroreceptor information from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves?
The nucleus tractus solitarius (within the medulla)
83
Increased afferent impulses from the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves inhibit the peripheral sympathetic nervous system resulting in...
peripheral SNS vascular tone is inhibited \>Vasodilation. Vagal tone is increased \>Bradycardia
84
What is the thoracolumbar nervous system?
The efferent SNS \>starts in the IML gray column of T1-L2/3
85
The fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic sympathetic nervous system ganglia is called what? What does it provide innervation to?
Stellate ganglia/Cervicothoracic ganglia -Provides sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, upper extremities, heart, and lungs.
86
Which NT is present in the CNS and primarily involved in the coordination of motor activity in the brain?
Dopamine
87
What is the predominant pathway for inactivation of the endogenous catecholamines? What about exogenous catecholamiens?
Reuptake - Endogenous Metabolism by liver and kidneys - Exogenous
88
What is the predominate metabolite of norepinephrine found in the urine?
Vanillylmandelic acid
89
What are the characteristics of muscarinic stimulation? (6)
1. Bradycardia 2. Decreased contracility 3. Miosis 4. Bronchoconstriction 5. Increased gastric secretion 6. GI hypermotility
90
When given in low doses, which two muscarinic antagonists may produce paradoxical bradycardia?
Atropine and scopalamine
91
Which commonly used drug is a centrally acting selective partial alpha-2 adrenergic agonist? What does it cause?
Clonidine \>causes a decrease in central sympathetic outflow
92
Which narcotic has been reported to produce HTN crisis, convulsions, and coma in patients taking MAO inhibitors?
Meperidine
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*ANS (4 decks)

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