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Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Order of bonds from weakest to strongest :
Hydrogen, Ionic, Van der Waals, Covalent, Hydrophobic

A
  1. Van der Waals
  2. Hydrophobic
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Ionic
  5. Covalent
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2
Q

Order of GCPR signaling (5)

A
  1. first messenger (ligand)
  2. GCPR
  3. Effector
  4. Second messenger
  5. Cellular response
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3
Q

What does Adenylyl Cyclase stimulate/inhibit?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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4
Q

What does Phospholipase C stimulate?

A

Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
& Diacylglycerol (DAG)

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5
Q

What is the function of adenylyl cyclase?

A

to convert ATP to cAMP

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6
Q

What GCPR turns on adenylyl cyclase?

A

Gs

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7
Q

What GCPR turns off adenylyl cyclase?

A

Gi

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8
Q

Stimulatory GCPRs

A

Gs & Gq

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9
Q

Inhibitory GCPR

A

Gi

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10
Q

What GCPR stimulates more cAMP?

A

Gs

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11
Q

What GPCR inhibits the release of cAMP?

A

Gi

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12
Q

What is the function of Phospholipase C?

A

Converts PIP2 to IP3 & DAG

PIP2 - phospha-tidyl-inositol, 4-5 biphosphate
IP3 - Inositol triphosphate
DAG - Diacylglycerol

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13
Q

What GPCR stimulates Phospholipase C?

A

Gq (G11)

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14
Q

What enzyme liberates arachidonic acid from the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipase A2

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15
Q

What does increased cAMP in cardiac monocytes result in?

A

Enhanced contractility (beta-1 effect)

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16
Q

What does increased cAMP in the smooth muscle of the airways and vessels cause?

A

Relaxation & Dilation (beta-2 effect)

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17
Q

What does increased cAMP in platelets result in?

A

Increased platelet aggregation

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18
Q

What does increased cAMP do in the principal cells of the nephron?

A

increase in aquaporin-2 water channels

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19
Q

What enzyme produces IP3 and DAG from PIP2?

A

Phospholiapase C

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20
Q

What is the primary NT in the peripheral efferent (motor) neural pathway?

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

What does Acetylcholine control peripherally vs centrally?

A

peripherally- motor function
centrally - sleep, wakefulness (RAS), learning and memory

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22
Q

How is Acetylcholine eliminated?

A

By Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft

-it hydrolyzes ACh into acetate and choline
-Choline is taken back up to the pre-synaptic terminal for recycling

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23
Q

Why can magnesium cause muscle weakness or potentiate neuromuscular blockade?

A

Because magnesium antagonizes calcium at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Without calcium going into the presynaptic nerve terminal, acetylcholine can’t be released from the vesicles.

-No ACh release, decrease in skeletal muscle contraction

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24
Q

Which cholinergic receptor is the ion-gated one?

A

Nicotinic

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25
Which cholinergic receptor is the GPCR?
Muscarinic
26
What must happen for the nicotinic ion channel to open?
Acetylcholine must bind simultaneously to the two alpha subunits on the receptor
27
Which cholinergic receptor type is inhibitory and which is excitatory?
Excitatory: Nicotinic (N1/N2, Nm/Nn), M1, M3, M5 Inhibitory: M2, M4
28
Where are NmAChR's found?
NMJ of skeletal muscles
29
Where are NnAChR's found? (3)
Autonomic ganglia CNS Adrenal Medulla
30
What 4 things can bind to the NMDA receptor?
1. Glutamate 2. Glycine 3. Ketamine 4. Magnesium (Tylenol, nitrous)
31
What specific receptor does Propofol target?
GABA-A
32
What is the primary excitatory NT in the brain?
Glutamate
33
Where is Glycine the primary inhibitory NT? (2)
In the spinal cord and lower brainstem.
34
Are GABA receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?
GABA-A is ionotropic GABA-B is metabotropic
35
What 6 things is GABA-A a receptor for?
1. Propofol 2. Benzos 3. Volatile Anesthetics 4. Etomidate 5. Barbiturates 6. Alcohol
36
What is the primary inhibitory NT in the brain?
GABA
37
Where are NMDA and AMPA receptors found to be most prevalent?
Hippocampus & Cerebral Cortex
38
All catecholamines are synthesized from what?
Tyrosine (Amino acid)
39
Serotonin is synthesized from what?
Tryptophan
40
Histamine is synthesized from what?
Histadine
41
What is the primary NT in the SNS?
Norepinephrine
42
What is the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?
Tyrosine hydroxylase converting Tyrosine to L-DOPA
43
What 2 enzymes are catecholamines metabolized by?
MAO & COMT Monoamine oxidase & Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
44
What are the 5 biogenic amine neurotransmitters?
1. Dopamine 2. Norepinephrine 3. Epinephrine 4. Serotonin 5. Histamine
45
5 Steps in catecholamine synthesis
1. Tyrosine > DOPA (tyrosine hydroxylase*) 2. DOPA > Dopamine (Dopa decarboxylase) 3. Dopamine transported into vesicles 4. Dopamine > NE (dopamine Beta hydroxylase) 5. NE > Epi (Phenyl-ethanolamine N-methyltransfersase (PNMT)
46
What's the most important method of removal of catecholamines from the synaptic cleft?
REUPTAKE (diffusion happens first, but it's mainly removed via reuptake)
47
What is the end product of dopamine metabolism and how is it excreted?
Homovanillic acid Excreted in urine
48
Where is the largest concentration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain?
The substantia nigra Located in the midbrain -coordination of motor movements + fine motor control via basal ganglia
49
What are dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra crucial for?
coordinating motor movements
50
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to what?
Parkinson's Disease
51
Where is the largest concentration of non-adrenergic (NE) receptors in the CNS?
Locus Coeruleus (in the pons)
52
Adrenergic (Epi) receptors in the CNS can be found in what main two places?
1. Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla 2. Nucleus Tractus solitarius
53
Activation of which receptor inhibits further release of NE?
Pre-synaptic Alpha 2
54
5-HT3 antagonists work by blocking receptors in which two locations?
1. Area postrema 2. Vagus nerve
55
What is the substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS)?
L-arginine
56
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes the oxidation of L-arginine to what two end products?
1. L-citrulline 2. Nitric Oxide
57
What is the substrate for guanylyl cyclase?
Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)
58
What converts GTP to cGMP (2nd messenger)?
Guanylyl cyclase
59
What are the 3 pureinergic NTs?
1. ATP 2. ADP 3. Adenosine
60
What are two ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?
1. Insulin 2. Growth factors
61
T4 in the cell is converted to T3 by what?
Deiodinase (de)iodine-ase
62
What syndrome is associated with congenital hypothyroidism?
cretinism
63
In the presynaptic nerve terminal, opioid-activated G-protein (beta,gamma) subunits block what kind of voltage-gated ion channels?
Calcium
64
What are the 4 types of opioid receptors?
1. Mu (MOR) 2. Delta (DOR) 3. Kappa (KOR) 4. Nociceptin (NOR, OR1)
65
What type of GPCRs are opioid receptors?
Gi
66
Do Opioid receptors exhibit inhibitory effects on pre or postsynaptic neurons?
Both
67
How do opioids inhibit the presynaptic neuron?
The beta/gamma subunit blocks voltage-gated calcium channels, reducing NT release into the synaptic cleft
68
How do opioids inhibit the postsynaptic neuron?
Gi alpha subunit inhibits adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and PKA --> modulation of sodium gated ion channels

*ANS (4 decks)

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