ANSC - Exam 1 Review Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Ad Libitum
A
allowing animals to eat all they want at all times
2
Q
Compensatory Growth
A
increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment
3
Q
calorie
A
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree
4
Q
Kilocalorie
A
1,000 calories
5
Q
Concentrate
A
a feed that is high in energy, low in fiber content, and highly digestible
6
Q
T.D.N
A
Includes the total amount of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, fiber, and fat all added together. Approximates energy content.
7
Q
Roughage
A
a feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy. Ex. hay, straw, pasture, silage.
8
Q
Feeder
A
animal which need no further feeding prior to slaughter
9
Q
- What are the leading states in sheep and goat production?
2. Leading country?
A
- Texas, California, Wyoming/Colorado
2. China
10
Q
Fill
A
the contents of the digestive tract
11
Q
Carcass Merit fuq u raju
A
the value of a carcass for consumption
12
Q
Dark Cutter
A
color of the lean in the carcass. Has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter
13
Q
Contemporary Group
A
a set of animals of the same sex and breed that have been raised under similar environmental and management conditions
14
Q
Cull
A
to eliminate from the breeding population
15
Q
Fertility
A
the capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction
16
Q
Libido
A
Sex drive of the male (dairy bulls are aggressive and have this in spades…)
17
Q
A.I.
A
abbreviation for artificial insemination
18
Q
E.T.
A
abbreviation for embryo transfer
19
Q
Clone
A
an individual grown from a single somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it
20
Q
Estrus
A
the period of mating activity in the female
21
Q
Estrous
A
an adjective meaning “heat” that modifies such words as “cycle.”
22
Q
Estrous Cycle
A
the heat cycle, or time from one heat period to the next
23
Q
Estrus Synchronization
A
controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd estrus estrus at the same time
24
Q
Gestation Period
A
term of pregnancy
25
Equine Gestation
340 days
26
Bovine Gestation
283 days
27
Porcine Gestation
113 days
28
Ovine and Caprine Gestation
147 days
29
Dystocia
difficult birth
30
Colostrum
the first milk given by the female following delivery of her young. Contains high levels of antibodies which are absorbed by the young for quick immunity
31
Lactation Period
period that a female produces milk
32
Dry
refers to the non-lactating female
33
Weaning
taking a young animal from it's dam
34
Anestrous Period
the time when a female is not in estrus. The non-breeding season
35
Open
refers to a non-pregnant female
36
DHIA
Dairy Herd Improvement Association. keeps records on dairy herds
37
Scurs
small hornlike tissue attached to the skin of polled or dehorned animals
38
Castration
removing the testicles
39
Spaying
the removal of the ovaries form the female reproductive tract (most often done in cats and dogs)
40
T/F: There is more variation between breeds than within breeds
F: There is more variation within breed than between breeds. (generally true, but some breeds have distinct advantages in specific traits that set them apart from the others).
41
What are factors that influence breeding?
Climate
Forage supply
Specific Production Goals
42
Breed
animals having a common origin and characteristic that distinguish them from other groups within the same species
43
Caprine
refers to goats
44
Ovine
refers to sheep
45
Bull
male cattle of breeding age
46
Cow
mature female cattle
47
Bullock
young male cattle showing secondary characteristics
48
Heifer
young female cattle
49
Steer
unsexed male cattle
50
Herd
group of cattle or horses
51
Bos
genus of cattle
52
Serving
act of breeding in cattle and goats
53
Calving
act of parturition in cattle
54
Stallion
male horse of breeding age
55
Mare
mature female horse
56
Colt
young male horse
57
Filly
young female horse
58
Foal
newborn horse
59
Gelding
unsexed male horse
60
Equus
genus of horses
61
Covering
act of mating in horses
62
Foaling
act of parturition in horses
63
Boar
male swine of breeding age
64
Sow
mature female swine
65
Shoat
young male swine
66
Gilt
young female swine
67
Pig
newborn swine
68
Barrow
unsexed male swine
69
Drove
group of swine
70
Coupling (couple of pigs in a blanket)
act of mating in swine
71
Farrowing
act of parturition in swine
72
Buck
male goat of breeding age
73
Doe
mature female goat
74
Buck Kid
young male goat
75
Doe Kid
young female goat
76
Kid
newborn goat
77
Wether
unsexed male goat or sheep
78
Band
group of goats
79
Kidding
act of parturition in goats
80
Ram
male sheep of breeding age
81
Ewe
mature female sheep
82
Ram Lamb
young male sheep
83
Ewe Lamb
young female sheep
84
Lamb
newborn sheep
85
Flock
group of sheep or poultry
86
Tupping
act of mating in sheep
87
Lambing
act of parturition in sheep
88
Tom
male cat of breeding age
89
Pussy
mature female cat
90
Kitten
newborn cat
91
Gib
unsexed male cat
92
Neuter
unsexed female cat
93
Bevy
group of cats
94
Mating
act of mating in cats or poultry
95
Littering
act of parturition in cats
96
Dog
male dog of breeding age
97
Puppy Dog
young male dog
98
Puppy Bitch
young female dog
99
Pup
newborn dog
100
Castrate
unsexed male dog
101
Pack
group of dogs
102
Copulating
act of mating in dogs
103
Whelping
act of parturition in dogs
104
Cock
male chicken of breeding age
105
Hen
mature female chicken
106
Chick
young male or female chicken or newborn
107
Capon
unsexed male chicken
108
Angus
Type: Bovine. Origin: Scotland. Black, naturally polled, moderate size, excellent marbling, maternal breed, easy fleshing, good milk production, early maturing, largest number of annual registrations in the US
109
Hereford
Type: Bovine. Origin: England. Red with white face and underline, moderate size, adaptable to many environments, good disposition, poorest marbling of British breeds, less muscle
110
Brangus
Most widespread composite breed in the U.S
111
What are the 6 essentials described by Lasater that development of the beefmaster was based on?
1) Weight
2) Fertility
3) Hardiness
4) Disposition
5) Conformation
6) Milking ability
112
Chianina
What cow breed is one of the world's *oldest breeds*? (Also had a tremendous impact on the show steer industry)
113
Brahman
Type: Bovine. Origin: India. red and grey strains, both have black pigmentation, horned, heat tolerance, disease and insect resistance, good crosser, poor marbling, slow sexual maturity
114
Brangus
Type: Bovine. Origin: US. 5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman, black, naturally polled, excellent mothering ability, moderate size, early sexual maturing, heat tolerance, intermediate in carcass merit, most "widespread" composite breed in the US.
115
Santa Gertrudis
Type: Bovine. Origin: US. 5/8 Shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman, dark red, both polled and horned, developed on the King Ranch in Kingsville, Tx, by Robert K. Kleberg. Traces back to single sire. Noted for maternal ability, productivity under hot/adverse conditions, and overall hardiness.
116
Beefmaster
Type: Bovine. Origin: US. 5/8 Shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman, dark red, both polled and horned, developed on the King Ranch in Kingsville, Tx, by Robert K. Kleberg. Traces back to single sire. Noted for maternal ability, productivity under hot/adverse conditions, and overall hardiness.
117
What cow is:
1. long, distinctive horns, many colors include speckled or spotted
2. lived as feral cattle or approx 300 years from 1550-1850, then we began to drive cattle north for slaughter
3. In 1880s, began to improve this cow with British bulls, by the early 19002, this cow was diluted nearly to extinction
Texas Longhorn
118
Holstein-Friesian
Type: Bovine. Origin: Netherlands. Known for it's unparalled mlk production
- black and white color pattern
- lowest percentage of butterfat 3.6% and total solids thus milk is not as valuable for cheese, butter, and non-fat dry milk production as is that from colored cows
119
Jersey
Type: Bovine. Origin: Isle of Jersey. Known for butterfat content in it's milk. Also varies from light tan to dark fawn with darker shadings around the head and lower legs. Some white patches may be present. Unsurpassed femininity.
120
Yorkshire
Type: Porcine. Origin: England. "Mother breed", white with erect ears.
121
-Shire
Suffix used with swine breeds that means the pig has erect ears
122
Duroc
Type: Porcine. Origin: US. Reddish brown with drooping ears, known for its hair that is deeply imbedded in the skin. Avg *carcass merit*
123
Hampshire
Type: Porcine. Origin: US. Black with white belt around shoulders, erect ears. Sire breed
124
Pietrain
Type: Porcine. Origin: US. Known for being stress positive (PSS and PSE)
125
Merino
Type: Ovine. Origin: Spain. *Dominant breed of sheep in the worldwide sheep industry*. Very fine fleece, typically smaller than other wool breeds. Hardy with excellent flocking instinct. White faced
126
Hampshire (Ovine)
Type: Ovine. Origin: England. Face, legs, and ears are dark brown to black. white wool cap on head.
127
Southdown
Type: Ovine. Origin: England. *One of the oldest sheep breeds* (old people down south), light weight carcasses, LOW maintenance.
128
Suffolk
Type: Ovine. Origin: England. *Black head and legs* Very old breed used as a sire breed in commercial production. Lean, muscular carcass. Sire breed, old breed, free of wool on head and legs, very poor fleeces. Alert, active sheep that grow fast- ewes are prolific and heavy milking but produce very poor fleeces.
129
South African Boer goat
Type: Caprine. Hardy, fast growing meat-type goat. Medium sized with prominent horns and broad, drooping ears. Generally brown head and neck with white body and legs, having short to medium hair. Good meat-type conformation with superior spring of rib, body length, and muscling.
*very influential*
130
Alpine
Type: Caprine. Origin: France
2. Medium to large in size, *have erect ears*, and a number of distinct color patterns
3. *Does are good milkers*
131
Spanish Goat
Typpe: Caprine. Term used in US to refer to goats of mixed breed origin, kept for meat production, native goat of Texas. Highly variable in appearance and performance b/c little planned selection has occurred.
*WILL BREED WITH ANYTHING; HIGHLY REPRODUCTIVE*
132
Nubian (Africa)
Most popular breed of registered dairy goat in the US.
| - Noted for high butterfat than other dairy breeds and their distinctive long drooping ears and "Roman nose"
133
What is the function of most horses?
Used for pleasure
134
1 hand
4 inches
135
Arabian (Arabia
Type: Equine. Distinctive head and neck with small, dished, triangular shaped head and long,, highly arched, neck.
*Unsurpassed reputation for endurance*
Solid colors are preferred
136
American Paint Tobiano
Type: Equine. Origin: US. White over dark color, whiite crosses back, Quarterhorse in breed.
137
American Paint Overo
Type: Equine. Origin: US. Dark over white, white does not cross back. Quarterhorse in breed.
138
Thoroughbred (England)
1. Without equal for speed at intermediate distances (3/4 to 1 1/2 miles)
2. Nearly all of this breed traces to Eclipse (1764), who was a great-great-grandson of the Darley Arabian who was foaled in Syria in 1700
3. Famous stallions include Secretariat, Northern Dancer and Bold Ruler
139
Clydesdale
Type: Equine. Origin: Scotland. Known for the "Budweiser hitch", feathering on lower legs
140
Leghorn
Type: poultry. Origin: Mediterranean. Most prolific egg laying breed, most commercial, small hens that lay large white eggs
l-EGG horn: most prolific EGG-laying
141
American Quarter Horse
This horse breed was developed as a saddle horse with great speed over short distances
142
Belgian, Clydesdale
What are the 2 Draft horse breeds?
143
Belgian
From 1910 through the 30s, this became the most popular breed
*Predominant color is light sorrel with flaxen mane and tail*
Easy to handle and very strong, but less leg action than other breeds
144
American Quarter Horse
The *working cow horse* of the ranches of the southwest and west.
145
White Cornish (boil your corn)
Typ: Poultry. Origin: England. Sire line, large, fast growing, marginal egg producer, broad breasted, heavily muscled, tougher meat and stronger connective tissue.
* MAIN CHICKEN FOR EATING*
* Used as the sire line in broiler production*
146
Broad breasted white turkey.
Type: Poultry. Orrigin: US. Developed breed, not natural, emphasized muscularity, growth rate, andd white feathers, so heavy an muscular that they are no longer capable of natural reprodduction, also have problems with leg structure
147
Cow-Calf operation
Cow converts low quality forage into high quality product (the calf)
148
Stocker operation
Growing phase after calves are weaned and before the feedlot
149
Feedlot opertation
Animals confined and fed high energy diet
150
Seedstock operation
Provides genetics for commercial producer. Specialized Cow-Calf system.
151
What are selection goals in the cow-calf industry?
weaning weightweaning weight
| quality product produced efficiency
152
corn or milo
What is the high energy (concentrate) diet of the feedlot?
153
Factors influencing value in the feedlot
Quality, yield, dressing %
| Their gait
154
The functions horse breeds perform are dependent on what?
- riding (walk, trot, canter)
- work (walk, slow gait)
- racing
- driving
- multiple tasks
155
Diet of cattle in the feedlot section of the industry
High energy (concentrate) diet
156
Factors influencing value in the Feedlot
Quality, yield, dressing %
157
Dairy Industry
Most highly specialized industry
158
Dairy industry
Which industry has the largest investment in equipment (money needed to put in)?
159
Leading state in Dairy Industry (billions lbs./year)
California (40.6 billion/year)
160
Leading country in texas for Dairy production
Erath- Stephenville
161
Texas' ranking in dairy production
7th
162
Texas' ranking in dairy cow numbers
6th
163
Are trends in the following increasing or decreasing
1. Dairy cattle numbers and cow operation numbers?
2. Pounds of milk produced?
1. Decreasing
| 2. Increasing
164
DHIA has been instrumental in improving these things:
Genetics/ A.I.
Feeds
Health
Management
165
What's mastitis?
Inflammation of the udder caused by bacterial infection. Number one cause of economic loss
166
Ketosis
Energy shortage due to metabolic problems (not enough energy). Normally seen 4-6 weeks after parturition.
167
Milk fever
Low blood calcium causing muscle weakness at/near calving.
168
Bacteria
What are calf scours caused by?
169
Pneumonia
Whats a respiratory disease faced b calfs?
170
Maternal breed
Early maturing, inherently fertile, moderate to heavy milking, small to moderate size
171
Sire Breed
Fast growing, muscular, late maturing, low milking
172
Vertical integration
One company owns the process from beginning to end. Breeding to dinner table
173
Erath- Stephenville
number 1 dairy producing county in tx
174
Mastitis (inflammation of udder)
Causes a cottage cheese look in cows infected with it.
175
Hereford
Cow breed that gets cancer in its eyes
176
What is the benefit of cross breeding? (2 reasons)
1. Heterosis (hybrid vigor): the ability of offspring to out perform the average of the parents breed
2. Complimentarity of traits: take advantage of parent's desirable traits
177
What are predators of sheep and goats?
Coyote's eagles, bobcats, fox
Internal parasites like Haemonchus Contortus (worm)
178
What are guard animals used to guard sheep and goats?
dog, llama, jenny *donkey*
179
1. #1 state in lamb feeding?
1. Colorado
180
2. #2 in lamb feeding?
2. Texas and Cali
181
What is lamb selling based on?
Dressing percent and carcass weight
182
What animal has the lowest dressing percent (how much consumable product)?
Lamb
183
What operation type is this:
1. All stages of production (from breeding to market)
2. breeding herd is maintained
3. offspring are sent to market
4. emphasis on growth and carcass traits
Farrow to finish operations
184
What operation type is this:
1. Farrowing to nursery (mostly feeding)
2. Minimizes feed inputs (low feed, high gain)
3. Breeding herd maintain
4. Offspring sold at market
Feeder operations
185
What operation type is this:
1. Sell weaned pigs to nursery-grow-finish farms
2. Breeding herd maintained
3. High labor requirements
4. # born alive and how healthy the sows are
Farrow to Wean operations
186
What animal is most vertically integrated (one company takes over multiple phases of production and distribution to create efficiencies and reduce costs)?
Poultry
2nd most= pork
187
What are the market classes? (how are they grouped)
1. Grouped according to use
- slaughter
- feeder
- bred heifers
- pairs (cows with calves; ewes with lambs)
2. Subclasses
- age
- sex
- weight
188
What is the main purpose of market grades? (what were they designed for?)
They were designed to group animals according to relative merit within a market class
189
quality
Denotes eating quality or palatability
190
cutability
Refers to leanness or trimness
191
Feeder grades for feeder cattle?
1. Frame size (small, medium, large)
| 2. Muscle thickness (1,2,3, and 4): 1 is the largest
192
Feeder grades for feeder pigs?
US. #1,2,3,4 and utility
193
T/F: quality grades are designed to provide an estimate of cutability?
F. palatability
194
What's the highest quality grade of beef, lamb, pork, and poultry?
Prime, Prime, Acceptable, and U.S.-A
195
What factors are used to determine quality grades in beef?
1. Maturity (physiological age, look at bones)
- color and ossification
2. Marbling - intramuscular fat
196
T/F. Marbling is intermuscular fat?
F. marbling is INTRAmuscular fat.
197
Spool joint vs break joint?
young: break joint
old: spool joint. The cartilage has solidified into bone
198
What factors influence lamb quality?
1. Maturity: spool joint or break joint (age)
2. flank streaking: streaks of fat in flank muscle
3. conformation: shape of carcass (your perfect girl's shape)
4. color: color of lean (light tannish/pink
199
What's the optimal belly thickness of pork?
.6"
200
What poultry grade is:
- free of deformities
- well developed covering of flesh
- well developed layer of fat
- no feathers
- no broken bones
A quality
201
What poultry grade is:
- slight deformities
- moderate deformities
- moderate covering of skin and fat
- occasional pinfeather (very tight to skin)
- disjointed bones but no broken
B quality
202
1. What anima has the lowest dressing % (% of live animal that ends up as carcass) and lowest yield?
1. Lamb
| 2. Highest dressing %? = Pork
203
What factors determine yield grades in BEEF?
estimate of % of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, and chuck. (avg is 60% of live weight)
( what % of BCTRC is live weight?)
204
Describe the optimal:
1. adj fat thickness
2. rib eye area
3. % KPH
4. Carcass weight
1. adj fat thickness - split between the 12th and 13th rib: .6%
2. Rib eye area: Longissimus dorsi muscle: 11"
3. % KPH (kidney, pelvic, and heart fat): 1-6%
4. Carcass weight: 600 avg
205
What are the 4 parts of dressing % in beef?
round, limb, loin, chuck
206
What animal uses this eqn to determine yield grade
Lamb
YG = .4 + (10 x adj fat thickness)
207
On the lamb, what's the % of BCTRC from the leg, loin, rack, and shoulder?
50%
208
In pork, what factors are used to determine yield grades?
% yield of closely trimmed 4 lean cuts: ham, loin, Boston butt, picnic shoulder: 70%
