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geography > Antarctica > Flashcards

Antarctica Flashcards

1
Q

which SDG links to overfishing?

A

14 Life below water

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2
Q

what SDG links to tourism?

A

12 Responsible consumption and production

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3
Q

what SDG links to scientific research?

A

15 life on land

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4
Q

what SDG links to whaling?

A

14 life below water

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5
Q

what SDG links to climate change?

A

13 climate action

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6
Q

what SDG links to mineral extraction?

A

15 life on land

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7
Q

how many tonnes of krill are caught on average each year?

A

100 000

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8
Q

why is there large amounts of krill present in the southern ocean?

A

cold water holds more krill as there is more carbon

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9
Q

what type of fish is largely overfished?

A

Patagonian Toothfish

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10
Q

what is the overfishing referred to as?

A

illegal, unregulated and unreported

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11
Q

in what year was the IWC moratorium introduced?

A

1986

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12
Q

by what fraction has the meltwater from the Antarctic increased global sea levels since 1993?

A

1/3

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13
Q

what is an issue with the Madrid Protocol?

A

it is only until 2048

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14
Q

what are the threats to Antarctica?

A

overfishing, tourism, scientific research, whaling, climate change and mineral extraction

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15
Q

what divides the west and east ice sheets?

A

transatlantic mountains

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16
Q

what creates high levels of marine productivity and why?

A

Antarctic convergence zone (cold northward flowing waters from the Antarctic meet with warmer sub-Antarctic waters)
—> this causes upwelling due to cold water sinking

17
Q

what IGO’s protect Antarctica?

A

ATS
IWC
UNDP/UNEP: SDGs

18
Q

what NGO’s protect Antarctica?

A

CCAMLR
ASOC
IAATO

19
Q

what are the main roles of CCAMLR?

A
  • ecosystem based management approach
  • work alongside scientists and fishing industry
  • improve fishing financially and environmentally
  • lowered seabird deaths (weighted nets/ better hooks)
  • anti IUU
20
Q

how many members in CCAMLR?

A

25 members + 11 agreeing

21
Q

efficacy of CCAMLR?

A

(-) very small scale
(+) work alongside UN - global reach?

22
Q

what are the main roles of ASOC?

A
  • only one working full time
  • preserve Antarctic continent and surrounding southern ocean
  • creates marine protected areas
  • negotiation of legally binding Polar code
23
Q

efficacy of ASOC?

A

(-)(+) coalition: different stakeholders but could lead to disagreement which reduces ability to take meaningful action
(-) non legally binding
(-)(+) cover all threats, but could limit efficacy

24
Q

how many members in ASOC?

A

coalition of over 15 NGOs

25
Q

what is the role of the IAATO?

A
  • promote the practice of safe and environmentally responsible private sector travel
  • voluntary members
  • established extensive procedures and guidelines
26
Q

how many members of IAATO?

A

100 Antarctica tour operators

27
Q

efficacy of IAATO?

A

(+) meet at least once a year
(-) industry based: self preservation/ interest
(-) not all tour members are part of it
(+) over 100 members

28
Q

why is overfishing a threat?

A
  • IUU
  • e.g Patagonian toothfish or krill
  • began in 1970s as large scale trawler fleets
  • creates extensive imbalance within the ecosystem and extinction
29
Q

why is tourism a threat?

A
  • wealthy pay around £20 000 to visit on holiday
  • lack of education = damage and pollution
  • increased pollution from planes
  • visit the ‘Antarctic Peninsula’ which is warming the fastest
30
Q

why is scientific research a threat?

A
  • can introduce bacteria e.g Lake Vostok
  • pristine environment
  • no way of controlling / monitoring scientists work
  • pollutants through drilling
  • scientific research allows country to move into quarternary sector and core of core-periphery model
  • only few countries have resources for this : reinforces inequality on gini-coefficient
31
Q

why is whaling a threat?

A
  • was the initial reason for exploration
  • Japan and Norway continue through ‘scientific reasons’ (one whale = $1mn market value in restaurant)
  • global impact as whales migrate during seasons
  • long term impact as generation time is 31 years (blue whales) so will take a long time to recover
32
Q

in what year did the IWC suspend commercial whaling in the moratorium?

A

1986

33
Q

why is climate change a threat?

A
  • largest ice sheet in the world
  • meltwater caused by rising temps is responsible for 1/3 of global average SL rise since 1993
  • if ice shelf melts, ice sheet no longer held back
  • creates exposure of minerals: possibility of exploration in future
  • effects are irreversible
34
Q

why is mineral extraction a threat?

A
  • Madrid Protocol only bans this until 2048
  • becoming economically viable due to increasing temps exposing land
  • will exacerbate climate change
35
Q

what is the ATS?

A
  • it bans military action and prevents higher income countries from exploiting
  • scientific testing encouraged
  • 53 members
  • Madrid Protocol: environmental protection and prevention of exploitation
36
Q

evaluation of ATS?

A

(+) legally binding
(+) combats global climate change
(+) landmark at height of cold war so is the true definition of global governance
(+) covers all threats
(-) only 53 members
(-) doesn’t protect the oceans

37
Q

what is the purpose of the IWC?

A
  • 88 members
  • protect against whaling and sealing
  • introduced whaling moratorium: suspended all commercial whaling, commissioned in 1982 but implemented in 1986
  • legally binding

geography (17 decks)

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