Anterior Neck Flashcards
(157 cards)
0
Q
Why is the neck considered a region of vulnerability?
A
Important structures lack skeletal protection
1
Q
Superior and inferior borders of the neck?
A
Base of cranium, clavicle
2
Q
Disease which manifests as a mass on the neck containung serous fluid
A
Chronic bronchial sepsis
3
Q
Nodular mass of the neck
A
Inflammation of cervical fascia
4
Q
Multinucleated lymphatic lesions commonly found in the left posterior triangle of neck and armpit
A
Cystic hygroma / cystic lymphangioma
5
Q
Cystic mass on the nexk due to malformation of blood vessel
A
Hemangioma
6
Q
Why does hemangioma seem to disappear during inspiration
A
Negative thoracic pressure pushes it in.
7
Q
Non-malignant enlargement of the thyroid gland
A
Goiter
8
Q
Twisted neck or wryneck, when infant holds head tilted to one side and has difficulty turning head
A
Congenital muscular torticollis
9
Q
Muscle which is tight, shortened, or calcified in a twisted neck
A
Sternocleidomastoid
10
Q
Most common surgical procedure in the neck region?
A
Thyroidectomy
11
Q
Emergency procedure where cricothyroid membrane is punctured to open the blocked airway?
A
Cricothyrotomy
12
Q
Emergency procedure where trachea is opened for airway?
A
Tracheostomy
13
Q
Cricothyrotomy is performed if this procedure fails to open airway?
A
Heimlich maneuver
14
Q
Disadvantages of tracheostomy over cricothyrotomy?
A
More bloody, risk of thyroid being damaged
15
Q
Landmark muscle in the superficial fascia
A
Platysma
16
Q
Avascular space in neck that extends up to the face. It is also the reason why facelifts should be bloodless
A
Superficial facial cleft
17
Q
Most clinically important muscular landmark of the neck
A
Sternocleidomastoid
18
Q
The sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into which triangles?
A
Anterior and posterior
19
Q
Structure beneath the superior half of the SCM
A
Cervical plexus
20
Q
Structure beneath the inferior half of SCM
A
Carotid sheath
21
Q
Forcible exhalation not allowing any air to escape through mouth or nose.
A
Valsava maneuver
22
Q
Blood vessel which is an internal barometer. It’s height may be used to measure blood pressure
A
External jugular vein
23
Q
Nerve parallel to external jugular vein and posterior to it by a finger’s breadth
A
Great auricular nerve
24
Fossa between the sternal head of the SCM
Jugular notch
25
Superior to the jugular notch
Jugular venous arch
26
Slight triangular depression between the sternal and clavicular heads of the SCM
Lesser supraclavicular fossa
27
Deep to the lesser supraclavicular fossa
Inferior end of internal jugular vein
28
Tubular fascial investment from the base of cranium to the root of the neck
Carotid sheath
29
The carotid sheath and pretracheal fascia communicate freely with what superiorly and inferiorly, which serve as potential pathways of infection spread?
Superior: cranial cavity
Inferior: mediastenium of thorax
30
Anterior border of anterior triangle of neck
Median line of neck
31
Posterior border of anterior triangle of neck?
Anterior border of SCM
32
Superior border of anterior triangle of neck?
Inferior border of mandible
33
Apex of of anterior triangle of neck?
Manubrium sterni at jugular notch
34
Roof of anterior triangle of neck?
Subcutaneous tissue containing platysma
35
Floor of anterior triangle of neck?
Pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland
36
List all smaller triangles in the anterior neck
1 submental, 2 submandibular, 2 carotid, 2 muscular
37
Only unpaired triangle of anterior neck
Submental
38
Contents of submental triangle
Submental lymph nodes, small veins that form anterior jugular vein
39
Inferior border of submental triangle
Body of hyoid bone
40
Lateral border of the submental triangle
Left and right digastric belly
41
Floor of the submental triangle
Paired mylohyoid muscles
42
Apex of the submental triangle
Mandibular symphysis
43
Base of the submental triangle
Hyoid
44
Glandular area between the inferior border of the mandible and the anterior and posterior belly of digastric
Submandibular triangle
45
Glands present in submandibular triangle
Submandibular, lower portion of parotid
46
Blood vessels present in submandibular triangle
Parts of facial artery and vein, submental artery
47
Nerves present in the submandibular triangle
Nerve to mylohyoid, hypoglossal
48
Lymph nodes present in submandibular triangle
Submandibular lymph nodes
49
Why are infections of the submandibular triangle limited to the region?
Encasing deep cervical fascia
50
Posterior border of submandibular triangle
Hyoid bone or posterior and anterior belly of digastric (?)
51
Anterolateral border of the submandibular triangle
Base of mandible
52
Cellulitis located at the floor of the tongue which pulls the tongue upwards
Ludwig's Angina
53
Floor of the submandibular triangle
Mylohyoid, hyoglossus, medial pharyngeal constrictor
54
Important vessel in the carotid triangle
Common carotid artery
55
The common carotid divides into internal and external carotid at what level?
Level of superior border of the thyroid cartilage
56
Slight dilatation of the proximal part of internal carotid artery
Carotid sinus
57
Small reddish brown ovoid mass which lies on the medial deep side of the bifurcation of common carotid artery
Carotid body
58
Nerve supply of carotid sinus and carotid body
Cn 9 and 10
59
Chemoreceptor in the carotid triangle
Carotid body
60
Baroreceptor in the carotid triangle
Carotid sinus
61
Carotid sheath is formed by layers of what fascia
Deep cervical fascia
62
Fine nerves from cervical plexus that lie in the anterolateral aspect of the carotid sheath
Ansa cervicalis
63
Structures inside carotid sheath
Common and internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
64
Structures which lie along carotid sheath and internal jugular vein
Deep cervical lymph nodes
65
Manifestation of nerve damage due to poor surgical dissection of the carotid triangle
Alteration in voice
66
Superior boundary of the carotid triangle
Stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric
67
Medial boundary of carotid triangle
Superior belly of omohyoid
68
Lateral boundary of carotid triangle
Anterior border of SCM
69
Floor of carotid triangle
Thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictors
70
Glands present in the muscular triangle
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
71
Muscles present in muscular triangle
Sternohyoid, infrahyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid
72
Medial border of muscular triangle
Medial plane of neck
73
Posterolateral border of the muscular triangle
Anterior border of SCM
74
Anterolateral border of the muscular triangle
Superior belly of omohyoid
75
Which common carotid artery ascends into the neck from the arch of the aorta?
Left
76
Which common carotid artery begins at the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk?
Right
77
Which common carotid artery has a course approximately 2 cm in the superior mediastenum before entering the neck
Left
78
Artery which enters the cranium through carotid canal
Internal carotid artery
79
Branches of internal carotid artery in the neck
None
80
Branches of external carotid artery seen in the carotid triangle
Superior thyroid, lingual, ascending pharyngeal, facial, occipital
81
Branch of external carotid which lies in the middle of the pharyngeal constrictor
Lingual artery
82
Branch of external carotid which runs deep to infrahyoid and also gives rise to superior laryngeal artery
Superior thyroid
83
Retrograde flow of blood in vertebral artery or internal thoracic artery due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) or occlusion of subclavian
Subclavian steal syndrome
84
Carotid artery which cannot be ligated, even for only a short period of time?
Internal carotid
85
Venous drainage of scalp and face
External jugular vein
86
Smallest of the jugulars which arises near hyoid bone
Anterior jugular vein
87
Unites the right and left anterior jugular vein
Jugular venous arch
88
Continuation of the axillary vein which begins at the lateral border of the first rib
Subclavian vein
89
Muscle which separates subclavian vein and artery
Anterior scalene
90
subclavian vein and internal jugular vein connect to this vein
Brachiocephalic vein
91
Largest vein in the neck
Internal jugular vein
92
The internal jugular vein is a direct continuation of?
Sigmoid sinus
93
Dilation of internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen
Superior bulb of IJV
94
Area of internal jugular vein with bicuspid valve that prevents backflow of blood
Inferior bulb of IJV
95
Union of the subclavian and internal jugular vein
Venous angle
96
Lymphatic vessels which drain to the venous angle
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic trunk
97
Insertion of a large bore needle or catheter for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
Internal jugular vein cannulation
98
Which IJV is preferred for cannulation and why
Right because it is larger and straighter than left
99
Branch of cervical plexus supplying skin of the anterior triangle
Transverse cervical nerve
100
Major motor nerve of tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
101
Probably the biggest nerve in neck
Vagus
102
Main parasympathetic nerve to organs of the thorax and abdomen
Vagus
103
Motor nerve to respective half of diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
104
Landmark for dissecting phrenic nerve
Anterior scalene
105
Cervical synpathetic ganglion which forms the stellate ganglion
Inferior cervical ganglion
106
Landmark for locating sympathetic trunk
Superior cervical ganglion
107
Smallest of 3 sympathetic ganglia
Middle cervical ganglion
108
Why is hyoid bone unique from other bones?
Isolated and suspended by muscles
109
What connects the greater horn to the body
Young: fibrocartilage
Old: bone
110
What connects lesser horn of hyoid to body
Fibrous tissue
111
Type of joint between greater and lesser horn
Synovial
112
Function of hyoid
Attachment for anterior neck muscles and a prop to keep the airway open
113
What are the suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric
114
Action and innervation of mylohyoid
Elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
Nerve to mylohyoid. (Branch of inf. alveolar nerve, branch of v3)
115
Action and innervation of geniohyoid
Pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly, shortens floor of mouth, widens pharynx
C1 via hypoglossal nerve
116
Action and innervation of stylohyoid
Elevates and retracts hyoid, elongating floor of mouth
| Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve
117
Action and innervation of digastric
Depress mandible against resistance, elevates and steadies hyoid in swallowing and speaking
Anterior belly - nerve to mylohyoid
Posterior belly - digastric branch of facial nerve
118
Muscles which constitute the floor of mouth
4 Suprahyoid muscles
119
Why does the anterior and posterior digastric have different nerve supplies?
Different embryonic origin. Anterior is p. arch 1, posterior is p. arch 2
120
Forms pretracheal layer or deep cervical fascia and allows the slidingof tendon to the body and greater horn of hyoid
Fibrous sling
121
List the infrahyoid muscles
Omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid
122
Also called the strap muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
123
Infrahyoid muscles in superficial plane
Sternohyoid and omohyoid
124
Infrahyoid muscles in the deep plane
Sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
125
Muscle which covers the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland
Sternothyroid
126
Superior and inferior bellies of this infrahyoid muscle is united by and intermediate tendon
Omohyoid
127
Action and innervation of sternohyoid
Depress hyoid after swallowing
| C1-c3 by ansa cervicalis
128
Action and innervation of omohyoid
Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid
| C1-c3 byd branch of ansa cervicalis
129
Action and innervation of sternothyroid
Depress hyoid and larynx
| C2-c3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
130
Action and innervation of thyrohyoid
Depress hyoid, elevate larynx
| C1 via hypoglossal nerve
131
Infrahyoid muscle not innervated by ansa cervicalis
Thyrohyoid
132
Largest endocrine gland
Thyroid gland
133
Secretions of thyroid and corresponding functions?
Thyroid hormone - controls rate of metabolism
| Calcitonin - controls calcium metabolism
134
Isthmus of the thyroid is anterior to which tracheal rings?
2nd and 3rd
135
Thyroid gland lies deep to which muscles
Sternohyoid and sternothyroid
136
Vertebrae associated with the thyroid
C5-T1
137
Unpaired artery of the thyroid
Thyroid ima artery
138
Blood supply of anterosuperior thyroid
Superior thyroid artery
139
Blood supply of posteroinferior thyroid
Inferior thyroid artery
140
Independent thyroid plexus of veins
Inferior thyroid
141
Thyroid veins which drain to internal jugular vein
Superior and middle thyroid
142
Drainage of the inferior thyroid vein plexus
Brachiocephalic vein
143
Vein which accompanies superior thyroid artery
Superior thyroid vein
144
Vein which runs parallel courses with inferior thyroid artery
Middle thyroid vein plexus
145
Lymphatic drainage of thyroid
Prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal lymph nodes
146
Innervation of thyroid
Superior, middle, and inferior sympathetic ganglia
147
Lies external to the thyroid capsule on medial half of posterior surface of each lobe of thyroid
Parathyroid gland
148
How many parathyroid glands do most people have
4
149
Arterial supply of parathyroid glands
Inferior thyroid. May be supplied by others
150
Venous drainage of parathyroid gland
Parathyroid veins to thyroid plexus of veins
151
Lymphatic drainage of parathyroid
Deep cervical lymph nodes, paratracheal lymph nodes
152
Nerve supply of parathyroid
Thyroid branches of sympathetic ganglia
153
Zone of penetrating trauma affecting inferior aspect of cricoid cartilage to thoracic outlet
Zone 1
154
Zone of penetrating trauma affecting cricoid to angle of mandible
Zone 2
155
Zone of penetrating trauma affecting angle of mandible to base of skull
Zone 3
156
Zone of penetrating trauma with low morbidity and mortality risk
Zone 2
