Anti-inflammatories Flashcards by Kaitlyn Allen

What is the inflammatory response?

Body’s response to injury

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True or False - “injury” can include trauma, chemical agents, antigens

True

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____________ cells release inflammatory mediators

damaged

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What are some inflammatory mediators?

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes (mast cells + basophils)
Histamine
Cytokines

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What do Inflammatory mediators do?

Signal body to:
- Destroy & remove deleterious agents
- Sequester injury to localized area
- Repair any damaged areas

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What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Heat
Swelling
Pain
Redness

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________ temperature = sign of inflammation

Elevated

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Increased blood flow leads to which 2 signs?

Heat
Redness

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____________ stimulate the ____________ to increase body temperature

Prostaglandins, hypothalamus

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What are pyogens?

They can cause fever

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________ increases biochemical reaction rate

Fever

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True or false - Increased blood flow leads to dilution of offending agents with plasma

True

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What is occurring redness

Increased blood flow brings:
- Fibrin to immobilize offending agent
- Brings phagocytic cells to clean up antigens and damaged cells

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Inflammatory mediators ___________ permeability of __________ ___________ @ site of damage

Increase, blood vessels

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What does swelling response allow for?

Leukocytes and antibodies to reach damaged cells

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What is a protective mechanism?

Pain

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Inflammatory mediators stimulate ___________ of nerve endings

sensitization

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What are the 3 types of anti-inflammatories?

NSAIDs
Glucocorticosteriods
DMSO

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What steroids are produced in the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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What steroids are produced in the adrenal cortex?

Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Adrenal sex hormones

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What do natural glucocorticoids contribute to?

CHO, protein and lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects

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What do mineralcorticoids contribute to?

Water & electrolyte balance

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What are the two adrenal sex hormones produced?

Androgens
Estrogens

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True or False - Adrenal Sex Hormones are produced in small amounts & have minimal effects

True

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True or False - Adrenocorticoids have absolute glucocorticoid or mineral corticoid activity

False - can have some of both but one is dominant

Which anti-inflammatory blocks inflammatory response early?

Glucocorticoids

What do glucocorticoids block formation of?

Prostaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrines

True or False - NSAIDs are as effective as glucocorticoids

False

What do NSAIDs block formation of?

Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes

Glucocorticoids affect glucose metabolism in what way?

Stimulates gluconeogenesis (contraindicted in diabetics) Increases glucose utilization by the cells

What catabolism processes do glucocorticoids affect?

Protein (amino acids from muscle to liver) Lipid

Glucocorticoids promotes which anti-inflammatory effects?

Promotes vasoconstriction Decreases capillary permeability=results in decrease loss of plasma Stabilize cell membranes, so no release of inflammatory mediators Decreases histamine and interleukin synthesis Blocks arachidonic acid production

What immunosupressive effects do glucocorticoids cause?

Decreases: - Synthesis of macrophages and monocytes - Phagocytosis - Lymphocytes and eosinophils - Antibody formation - Neutrophil migration

What effect do glucocorticoids have on the CNS?

Increases BG, results in improved mood, behaviour and appetite

What effect do glucocorticoids have on mineralcorticoid activity?

Mild activity Results in sodium and water retention

What are 7 uses for glucocorticoids?

Shock Anti-inflammatory Immunosuppressive Addison's Disease Chemotherapy Ketosis in cows Induce abortion in last trimester

True of False - Glucocorticoids are used as a low dose IV for vasoconstriction in shock situations

False - High dose

Glucocorticoids are used in ___________ or __________ shock

septic, endotoxic

What are 2 common anti-inflammatory situations for glucocorticoids to be used?

Arthritis Allergic reactions Skin conditions

What are 2 common immunosuppressive situations for glucocorticoids to be used?

Autoimmune diseases (AIHA) Allergic Reactions

True or False - Addison's disease is hypoadrenocorticism

True

When treating addison's disease, glucocorticoids replace __________

corticosterioids

Glucocorticoids are used for chemotherapy of which type of cancer?

Malignancies ie. Lymphosarcoma's

What process do glucocorticoids cause when used for ketosis in cows?

Gluconeogenesis

How do glucocorticoids work for inducing labor?

Stimulates release of fetal cortisol Premature birthing process

What are short term toxicities of glucocorticoids? (less than 2 weeks)

PU/PD Increased susceptibility to infection

What are long term toxicities of glucocorticoids?

Iatrogenic Cushing's (Hyperadrenocorticism) Iatrogenic Addison's (Hypoadrenocorticsm) Gastric Ulceration Osteoporosis Impaired wound healing Pancreatitis Nephrotoxicity

True or False - Too much glucocorticoids cause cushing's?

True

True or False - Chronic therapy with abrupt cessation causes addisons?

True

____________ help with maintenance of the mucous barrier in stomach

Prostaglandins

True or False - Prostaglandins reduce hydrochloric acid production

True

What is Osteoporosis?

Catabolism of protein in bone marrow

What can pancreatitis lead to?

Diabetes Mellitus through B-cell exhaustion

What are 5 ways to decrease toxicity?

Use only when necessary Use small of dose as possible Use as large dose interval as possible Treat only as long as necessary Always wean animals off dose rather than abruptly

What does NSAIDs stand for?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

What are 4 characteristics for NSAIDs

Block prostaglandins formation Not as effective as steroids Fewer side effects Have analgesic & antipyretic properties

What is an antipyretic?

Blocks hypothalamic response to prostaglandin to "reset the thermometer"

NSAIDs __________ platelet aggregation

decreases

True or False - NSAIDs inhibit the COX enzyme

True

What are the two types of COX enzyme?

COX-1 = participates in daily cell function COX-2 = Induced inflammation

What are the 5 common uses for NSAIDs?

Analgesia Antipyretic Anti-Inflammatory Septic Shock Anti-Thrombotic

What are the toxicities of NSAIDs

Gastric irritation and ulceration Nephrotoxicity Decreased platelet aggregation Decreased metabolism and excretion in cats Hepatotoxicity reports with carprofen in dogs Ibuprofen is contraindicated in small animals Phenylbutazone, very irritating if injected SQ or IM

What is DMSO?

Dimethyl Sulfoxide, is a potent solvent Penetrates skin easily

What are toxicities for DMSO?

Garlic taste when absorbed in the skin (WHERE GLOVES) Teratogenic Lenticular changes have been noted in dogs and rabbits when it is used chronically and at high doses Rare cases of hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity

Anti-inflammatories Flashcards

(64 cards)