Anti Microbal

Question 1

kill either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 1

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics:

Question 2

kill both Gram positives and Gram negatives.

Answer 2

Broad-spectrum antibiotics:

Question 3

referred to as B-lactam drugs

Answer 3

PENICILLINS

Question 4

molecular structure includes a four sided ring structure known as a

Answer 4

B-lactam ring

Question 5

they are produced and can be purified directly from cultures of Penicillium moulds

• Penicillin G and Penicillin V.

Answer 5

NATURAL PENICILLINS

Question 6

also B-lactam antibiotics and, like penicillin, are
produced by moulds.

• interfere with cell wall synthesis

• are bactericidal

Answer 6

CEPHALOSPORINS

Question 7

agents are active primarily against Gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 7

First-generation

Question 8

have increased activity against Gram- negative
bacteria

Answer 8

Second-generation cephalosporins

Question 9

have even greater activity against Gram negatives

Answer 9

Third-generation cephalosporins

Question 10

active against both Gram positives and Grams negatives, including P . Aeruginosa. e.g., Cefepime

Answer 10

Fourth-generation

Question 11

expanded activity against aerobic Gram-positive cocci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis MRSE e g., Ceftaroline

Answer 11

Fifth-generation

Question 12

powerful antibacterial

• e.g,imipenem &. meropenem

• target the cell envelope

• have excellent activity against a broad spectrum of
  bacteria, including many aerobic Gram-positive bacteria, most aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, and most anaerobes.

Answer 12

CARBAPENEMS

Question 13

• target the cell envelope.

• e.g.,vancomyci

• have excellent activity against most aerobic and
anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria.

• enterococci, are becoming resistant to these drugs

• have a number of toxic side effects.

Answer 13

GLYCOPEPTIDES

Question 14

major factor that limits their use is their toxicity

Answer 14

Aminoglycosides

Question 15

• E.g., T obramycin, Gentamicin &. Amikacin

Answer 15

AMIKACIN

Question 16

• inhibit protein synthesis
• bacteriostatic at lower doses and bactericidal at higher doses include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin

• effective against: chlamydias, mycoplasmas, T . pallidum, and Legionella spp.

Azithromycin and Erythromycin

Answer 16

MACROLIDES

Question 17

• bactericidal drugs inhibit DNA synthesis
The most commonly used, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin effective against members of the tamiye Enterobacteriaceae and aeruginosa.

Answer 17

fluoroquinolone

Question 18

• drugs inhibit production of folic acid (a vitamin) in those bacteria that require p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to synthesize folic acid*

Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim

Answer 18

Sulfonamide

Question 19

a single antimicrobial agent is not sufficient to destroy all the pathogens that develop during the course of a disease

• two or more drugs may be used simultaneously to kill all the pathogens to prevent resistant mutant pathogens from emerging

Answer 19

MULTIDRUG THERAPY

Question 20

which multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are frequently encountered four drugs

Answer 20

isoniazid,
rifampin,
pyrazinamide, and
ethambutol

Question 21

a parenteral antibiotic, was the first drug® used to treat TB.

Answer 21

Streptomycin

Question 22

discovered in 1952, was the first oral drug preparation effective against the tubercle bacillus.

Answer 22

Isoniazid

Question 23

is a bactericidal drug that inhibits tubercle cell wall synthesis and blocks pyridoxine (vitamin B6), which is used for intracellular enzyme production

Answer 23

soniazid

Question 24

is taken alone, bacterial resistance occurs quickly

Answer 24

Rifampin

Question 25

Most antifungal agents work in one of three ways: • By binding with cell membrane sterols

Answer 25

nystatin and amphotericin B

Question 26

Most antifungal agents work in one of three ways: By interfering with sterol synthesis

Answer 26

clotrimazole and miconazole

Question 27

Most antifungal agents work in one of three ways: By blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 27

griseofulvin and 5-flucytosine

Question 28

usually quite toxic to the host and work by: • interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis

Answer 28

ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS

Question 29

are agents used to attack Plasmodium at various stages of its life cycle

Answer 29

Antimalarials

Question 30

acting against the red-blood-cell phase of the life cycle

Answer 30

schizonticidal

Question 31

acting against the gametocytes

Answer 31

gametocytocidal

Question 32

acting against the parasites that are developing in the mosquito

Answer 32

sporontocidal

Question 33

was the first drug found to be effective in the treatment of malaria.

Answer 33

Quinine

Question 34

directly toxic to parasites and decreases the ability of the parasite to synthesize DNA.

Answer 34

Chloroquine

Question 35

first antiviral agent effective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Answer 35

Zidovudine (also known as azidothymidine[AZT])

Question 36

refer to an organism that is resistant to only one antimicrobial agent

Answer 36

Superbugs

Question 37

a clinician must initiate therapy before laboratory results are available

Answer 37

EMPIRIC THERAPY

Question 38

drugs that can modify the immune response, either by enhancing or suppressing the immune system. They are used to fight infections, prevent and treat certain diseases.

Answer 38

Immunologic