WEEK 11

Question 1

The endocrine system is composed of the endocrine glands, these are ductless glands which release their secretion directly into the blood. Their secretion is called

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

The endocrine system is controlled by the

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

also called hypophysis

master gland

Answer 3

pituitary gland

Question 4

Hypothalamus has endocrine function. It releases hormones that will influence the release of the anterior pituitary gland hormones. This hormone is also called

Answer 4

factor

Question 5

The hypothalamus also produces two hormones that are stored in the

Answer 5

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ( also called neurohypophysis)

Question 6

The hypothalamus also produces two hormones

Answer 6

Anti – Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Oxytocin

Question 7

ADH effect is to cause

Answer 7

water retention and vasoconstriction, hence the name vasopressin.

Question 8

oxytocin function is to cause

Answer 8

uterine contraction and milk ejection and it is released during labor, delivery and lactation.

Question 9

(also called adenohypophysis)

Answer 9

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Question 10

stimulates normal body growth

Answer 10

Growth hormone

Question 11

stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin, a pigment in the skin

Answer 11

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

Question 12

stimulate production of milk from the
mammary glands

Answer 12

Prolactin

Question 13

produces melatonin that induces sleep

Answer 13

Pineal gland

Question 14

Thyroid gland – produces

Answer 14

Calcitonin

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

Question 15

controls the rate by which glucose is used by the cell as a source of energy

Answer 15

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

Question 16

regulating serum calcium
level by decreasing its amount in the plasma

Answer 16

Calcitonin

Question 17

this is the most active gland under stress because one of its hormone has anti stress function.

Answer 17

Adrenal gland

Question 18

produces catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine acting as neurotransmitters of the SNS

Answer 18

Adrenal medulla

Question 19

Adrenal cortex – produces three hormones

Answer 19

Mineralocorticoids

Glucocortoids

Androgen

Question 20

Aldosterone which increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys and in effect increases water reabsorption as well, it will also increase potassium excretion

Answer 20

Mineralocorticoids

Question 21

Cortisol this has antistress property. It has a diurnal pattern of release having its peak secretion at 9 am then goes down by late afternoon and at night. Cortisol helps a person to overcome stress in the morning. Cortisol has a lot of metabolic functions. It increases glucose in the blood. It increased production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.It causes mobilization of fats. It also causes water retention. Cortisol has anti – inflammatory function as it suppresses WBS function.

Answer 21

Glucocorticoids

Question 22

the endocrine function of this organ lies in their Islets of Langerhans cells

Answer 22

Pancreas

Question 23

produces glucagon that regulates glucose in the blood by increasing its amount

Answer 23

Alpha cells

Question 24

produces insulin that helps the glucose to enter the liver cells and the muscle cells thereby decreasing the amount of glucose in the blood.

Answer 24

Beta cells

Question 25

produces somatostatin, which may also be produced by other endocrine tissues. Somatostatin inhibits other hormones like insulin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and other minor hormone like cholecystokinin.

Answer 25

Delta cells

Question 26

This is a disorder characterized by hyposecretion of the pituitary gland. This may be due to congenital defects of pituitary, circulatory disturbances like hemorrhage and infarction, inflammation or tumor in the pituitary gland. This is often seen as growth hormone (GH) deficiency before other clinical manifestations are seen.

Answer 26

HYPOPITUITARISM

Question 27

Pituitary Dwarfism med

Answer 27

Somatropin and somatrem

Question 28

is indicated only for the treatment of children with growth failure due to lack of endogenous GH.

Answer 28

Somatrem

Question 29

is indicated for the treatment of growth failure due to lack of GH or to chronic renal failure, for treatment of short stature associated with Turner’s syndrome.

Answer 29

Somatropin

Question 30

Growth hormone hypersecretion may occur in children before the closure of the epiphyseal plate,

Answer 30

Gigantism

Question 31

growth hormone production increases after closure of epiphyseal plates in adults, then the disorder is called

Answer 31

Acromegaly

Question 32

HYPERPITUITARISM drug

Answer 32

Octreotide, Pegvisomant, Bromocriptine

Question 33

most commonly associated with tumor secreting adrenal cortex hormones.

Answer 33

Hypersecretion

Question 34

Under secretion is causing a disorder called

Answer 34

Addison’s disease or Adrenal Insufficiency.

Question 35

ADRENOCORTICAL DRUGS Hypersecretion Addison’s disease or Adrenal Insufficiency.

Answer 35

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids

Question 36

An autoimmune disease characterized by overproduction of hormone, enlarged thyroid gland and protrusion of the eyes.

Answer 36

Grave’s disease

Question 37

Anti – thyroid drugs

Answer 37

Thioamides Iodine solutions

Question 38

an autoimmune disorder causing under secretion of thyroid hormones leading to its decrease function causing hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension, myxedema or accumulation of polysaccharides in the interstitial space affecting skin.

Answer 38

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,

Question 39

Thyroid Hormone replacement

Answer 39

Levothyroxine Liothyronine

Question 40

a synthetic salt of T4 is the most frequently used replacement hormone because of its predictable bioavailability and reliability.

Answer 40

Levothyroxine

Question 41

is a synthetic salt of T3, rapid onset and long duration of action.

Answer 41

Liothyronine

Question 42

Excessive secretion of PTH leads to increased calcium in the blood. To decrease levels of calcium, Drug

Answer 42

Bisphosphonates Calcitonin

Question 43

is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia most commonly due to insulin dysfunction

Answer 43

Diabetes mellitus

Question 44

lack of insulin production

Answer 44

Type 1 DM

Question 45

insulin is produced by the beta cells but the insulin produce may be ineffective or there is a slow release of insulin from the beta cells or the liver cells and the muscles cells are insensitive to the presence of insulin

Answer 45

Type 2 DM

Question 46

happens during pregnancy and believed to be caused by a hormone called Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) which may decrease sensitivity of cells to insulin

Answer 46

Gestational DM

Question 47

diseases causing destruction of beta cells like chronic pancreatitis may also lead to symptoms of DM. Too much production of cortisol can increase blood sugar level and show symptoms of DM as well.

Answer 47

DM associated by other conditions

Question 48

is given subcutaneously. It is the primary treatment for clients with type 1 DM. It does not cross the placenta so it is safe to use by pregnant women making it also the drug of choice for clients with gestational DM. I

Answer 48

Insulin

Question 49

Very short

Answer 49

Aspart, Lispro

Question 50

Intermediate

Answer 50

NPH

Question 51

Long Acting

Answer 51

Ultralente

Question 52

Very long acting

Answer 52

Glargine, Lantus

Question 53

First generation Sulfonylureas

Answer 53

Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide

Question 54

Second generation Sulfonylurea

Answer 54

Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimeperide

Question 55

Non Sulfonylureas Biguanides Alpha glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 55

Metformin Acarbose

Question 56

Thiazolidinedones

Answer 56

Pioglitazone

Question 57

Meglitinides

Answer 57

Repaglinide

Question 58

DDP-4 inhibitors

Answer 58

Sitagliptin, Linagliptin

Question 59

are used to patients with type 2 DM only. These drug can cause harmful effects to pregnant and nursing infants.

Answer 59

Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA)