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Anti-parasitic vaccines Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A vaccine is a preparation of killed microorganisms, live attenuated microorganisms or subunits of microorganisms which are administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease

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2
Q

Vaccines can work in two ways?

A
  • To prevent infection

- To reduce the symptoms associated with infection

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3
Q

Are there currently any commercially available anti-parasitic vaccines for humans?

A

No

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4
Q

What vaccinations are available in animals?

A

Giardia vaccination in dogs
Tape worm vaccination in pigs
Vaccination against ticks in cattle

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5
Q

How many cases of malaria in 2015?

A

212 million cases

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6
Q

How many malaria associated deaths in 2015?

A

429,000 malaria associated deaths

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7
Q

Aside from the health burden malaria causes a large?

A

Economic burden

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8
Q

The economic burden can limit?

A

Economic prosperity

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9
Q

What is the economic burden of malaria in Africa?

A

Annual costs of $12 billion

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10
Q

Malaria accounts for how much of public health spending?

A

Accounts for 40% of public health spending

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11
Q

Countries incur costs due to?

A
  • Malaria eradication programmes
  • Cost of treatment
  • Cost of drugs
  • Cost of days lost from work
  • Cost of school absenteeism and reduced development of children due to the disease
  • Loss of worker productivity
  • Reduction in fertility and population growth
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12
Q

Current malaria control methods?

A
  • Drugs
  • Insecticides
  • Indoor residual insecticide spraying
  • Nets with pyrethoid insecticides
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13
Q

What is an example of an anti-malarial drug?

A

Artemisinin

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14
Q

What was the GMEP?

A

Global Malaria Eradication Programme

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15
Q

When was the GMEP established?

A

1955

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16
Q

What did the GMEP involve?

A
  • Antimalarial drugs

- Spraying DDT insecticide

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17
Q

Benefits of the GMEP?

A

Eradication of malaria in 15 countries

Eradication of malaria in Europe from Italy, Portugal and Greece

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18
Q

Why did the GMEP not reduce the incidence of malaria in Africa?

A
  • Logistically difficult to target
  • Lack of funding
  • Political instability
  • High population density
  • High incidence of malaria
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19
Q

What caused the GMEP to stop in the 1970s?

A
  • Economic crisis in 1970s
  • Could no longer financially support the programme
  • Increased incidence of drug and DDT resistance emerging
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20
Q

When the GMEP stopped what occurred?

A
  • Malaria resurgence occurred in many countries
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21
Q

When did the Global Malaria Eradication Programme begin?

22
Q

What is a vaccine?

Study These Flashcards
A

A vaccine is a preparation of killed microorganisms, live attenuated microorganisms or subunits of microorganisms which are administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease

23
Q

What occurred in 1970s?

Study These Flashcards
A

Economic crisis

GMEP halted

24
Q

The halt of the GMEP led to?

Study These Flashcards
A

Malaria resurgence in many countries

25
What is the vaccine technology roadmap?
To develop a vaccine with over 75% clinical protective efficacy by 2030 Developing vaccines by 2030 able to substantially reduce the transmission
26
What is the malaria vaccine technology roadmap?
This map outlines a path for the acceleration in malaria vaccine development
27
Aims of the malaria vaccine technology roadmap are to?
Have a vaccine by 2030 which can reduce the transmission of malaria and a vaccine with 75% protective efficacy against clinical malaria
28
Vaccines can be used against which life stages?
Pre-erythrocytic Erythrocytic Mosquito stage
29
Which vaccines are being developed to target the pre-erythrocytic stage?
RTS,S | Irradiated sporozoites
30
Which vaccines are being developed to target the erythrocytic stage?
AMA1 | MSP1
31
Which vaccines are being developed to target the mosquito life stage?
Transmission blocking vaccines
32
Irradiated sporozoites are what type of vaccine?
Whole cell derived vaccine
33
AMA1, MSP1 and RTS,S are what types of vaccine?
Subunit vaccines
34
AMA1 is what protein?
It is released by the micronemes and is involved in cell attachment and invasion. It binds to the RON complex which is derived from the rhoptries and forms the tight junction
35
What is required to form the tight function?
AMA1 microneme protein | Rhoptry RON complex
36
RON?
Rhoptry associated neck protein
37
MSP1 protein?
This is a surface antigen which is distributed on the surface of the merozoite
38
What is RTS,S vaccine made up of?
Hybrid protein and AS01 adjuvant
39
Adjuvant in RTS,S?
AS01
40
What does each part of RTS,S stand for?
``` R= CSP repeats T= T cell epitopes S= Bound HBsAg S= Free HBsAg ```
41
What is CSP?
Circumsporozoite protein
42
What is the HBsAg and what is it required for?
It is a hepatitis B antigen | It is required for the formation of viral like particles
43
Where is CSP found?
Distributed evenly over the surface of the sporozoite. It is attached via a GPI anchor
44
What is the function of CSP?
It is a surface antigen/protein distributed over the surface of the sporozoite It is involved in binding to the hepatocyte It is highly conserved in Plasmodium species infecting humans
45
CSP is highly conserved in?
Plasmodium species infecting humans
46
CSP all you need to know?
Highly conserved in Plasmodium species infecting humans Surface protein/antigen evenly distributed over the sporozoite surface Involved in binding to the hepatocytes Attached via a GPI anchor
47
Which is the most promising anti-malarial vaccine?
RTS,S
48
Issues with RTS,S?
- Not good in the long term, protection wanes over time | - Will not be able to achieve malaria eradication
49
It it worthwhile to implement RTS,S and why?
Cost effective even at the highest cost and lowest efficacy
50
What are issues with subunit vaccines?
Limited antigenic repertoire. The immunogen makes up a very small constituent of the entire parasite< 1%. May not elicit a strong enough immune response

Parasitology (17 decks)

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