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Parasitology > Apicomplexan Parasites > Flashcards

Apicomplexan Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia belongs to which phylum?

A

Metamonida

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2
Q

Characteristics of Apicomplexa?

A
  • Pellicle which determines the crescent shape
  • Apicoplast= a non-photosynthetic plastid
  • Apical complex
  • Gliding motility
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction
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3
Q

What is the pellicle made up of?

A

The plasma membrane, the inner membrane complex, subpellicular microtubles and alveolin network

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4
Q

What is the IMC made up of?

A

Inner and outer membrane

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5
Q

What links the IMC to the subpellicular microtubules?

A

Network of alveolins

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6
Q

What is the apical complex?

A

A group of cytoskeletal structures (conoid, apical ring, pre-conoidal ring) and membrane bounded organelles which include: rhoptries (club shaped), micronemes…

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7
Q

What are the two secretory organelles found in the apical complex?

A

Rhoptries and micronemes

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8
Q

Which stage of the Plasmodium parasite lacks rhoptries?

A

Ookinete

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9
Q

Apical complex is involved in?

A

Gliding motility, cell attachment, cell invasion

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10
Q

What genomes are there in Apicomplexa?

A

Nuclear genome
Mitochondrial gene
Apicoplast genome

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11
Q

The apicoplast genome is how large?

A

35kb

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12
Q

Shape of the apicoplast genome?

A

Circular

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13
Q

What are the 4 major species of Plasmodium that can infect humans?

A

Malariae, ovale, vivax and falciparum

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14
Q

What are the motile stages of Plasmodium infection?

A

Ookinete

Sporozoite

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15
Q

What is the non-motile stage of Plasmodium infection?

A

Merozoite

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16
Q

What is the motile stage of Toxoplasma infection?

A

Tachyzoite

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17
Q

Male microgametocyte must undergo?

A

3 rounds of division to produce 8 microgametes which are released from the RBC in a process known as exflagellation

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18
Q

How many of the human population are infected with Toxoplasma?

A

An estimated 1/3 of the global population

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19
Q

Toxoplasma definitive host?

A

Members of felidae

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20
Q

Sporulation of Toxoplasma occurs?

A

In the environment

21
Q

Only the sporulated cysts are?

A

Infectious

22
Q

Tachyzoites are involved in what type of infection?

A

Acute infection

23
Q

Bradyzoites are involved in what type of infection?

A

Chronic infection

24
Q

Toxoplasma infection of cats is?

A

Gut limited

25
Q

What is the main cause of death in HIV patients?

A

Toxoplasmosis

26
Q

Micronemes are involved in?

A

Gliding motility and cell entry

27
Q

Rhoptries are involved in?

A

Cell entry

28
Q

Subpellicular microtubules determine the trajectory of the Apicomplexan parasites which is?

A

The left handed spiral arrangement of the subpellicular microtubules results in a clockwise corkscrew trajectory

29
Q

What is the apicoplast?

A

A plastid which is present in the majority of Apicomplexan members
It is a non-photosynthetic plastid

30
Q

What is the function of the apicoplast?

A

Involved in many anabolic pathways including biosynthesis of fatty acids, isoprenoids, iron-sulfur clusters and heme

31
Q

Apicoplast is surrounded by how many membranes?

A

4 membranes

32
Q

What do proteins that are transported to the apicoplast possess?

A

Bipartite targeting sequence
N terminus
Signal peptide
Transit peptide

33
Q

What does the signal peptide do?

A

Targets the protein for the secretory pathway

The signal peptide is cleaved in the ER to reveal the transit peptide

34
Q

What does the transit peptide do?

A

Causes transportation of the protein through the multiple membranes of the apicoplast where it is then cleaved to reveal the mature protein

35
Q

What phenomenon is witnessed upon apicoplast destruction?

A

Delayed death phenomenon. Upon destruction of the apicoplast the parasite does not die straight away, it is unable to infect cells subsequently

36
Q

Transcription and translation machinery in the apicoplast is of what origin?

A

Prokaryotic origin

37
Q

Fluoroquinolone action?

A

Prevent DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV

38
Q

Rifampin action?

A

Prevents transcription by inhibiting DNA dependent RNA polymerase

39
Q

Fatty acids are assembled how many carbon atoms at a time?

A

Two carbon atoms at a time

40
Q

What synthesises fatty acids?

A

Fatty acid synthase

41
Q

How many fatty acid synthesis pathways are there?

A

Two

42
Q

What is the fatty acid synthesis pathway in vertebrates?

A

Type I pathway

43
Q

What is the fatty acid synthesis pathway in prokaryotes?

A

Type II pathway

44
Q

Fatty acid synthase of the type I pathway?

A

A large multifunctional polypeptide

45
Q

Fatty acid synthase of the type II pathway?

A

Made up of individual enzymes- distinct individual proteins. Each protein catalyses a single step in the reaction pathway.

46
Q

Isoprenoid biosynthesis in vertebrates is?

A

Mevalonate dependent

47
Q

Isoprenoid biosynthesis in parasites is?

A

Mavalonate independent… DOXP pathway

48
Q

Artemisinin is derived from?

A

Sweet wormwood

49
Q

Artemisinin was discovered by?

A

Tu YouYou a Chinese scientist

Parasitology (17 decks)

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