Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HLSC 220 > Antibacterial Drugs > Flashcards

Antibacterial Drugs Flashcards

(134 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Invaders

A

-Prokaryotes
-Eukaryotes
-Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

-cell with no nuclei
-Bacteria- cause most infectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

-Cells with nuclei
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Helimiths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Viruses

A

-Live off human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chemo therapy

A

-Drugs that are “selectively toxic”
-Minimal effect on host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antibacterial attack

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

antifungals attack

A

-Fungus
-yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

antivirals attack

A

viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

antiparasitic attack

A

parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anthelmintics attack

A

helmiths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

antiprotozoal attack

A

protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

antineoplastics attack

A

tumor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacterial infections (necrotizing fasciitis)

A

-flash eating disease
-caused by a variety of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

-Average size (1-5 mcm)
-can survive a wide range of environments (hot or cold)
-pathogenic + non-pathogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prokaryotic infections

A

-invasion and multiplication of organisms
-may be caused by bacteria of normal flora (immunocompromised)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prokaryotic colonization

A

-increase in bodies of normal flora colonies
-not usually harmful, can help control growth of potentially pathogenic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bacteria are described by

A

-Shape
-oxygenation
-Gram + and Gram -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bacteria shapes

A

-cocci (circular) + bacilli (rod like)
-Staphylococci (cocci in clumps)
-Streptococci (Cocci in chains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bacteria oxygenation

A

-Aerobes (oxygenated)
-Anaerobes (deoxygenated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

-Gram + or Gram -
-Does wall stain or not
-fundamental differences in wall structure
-implications for actions with antibacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the bacterial cell wall do

A

-outside plasma membrane
-structural support
-protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gram positive

A

-thick peptidoglycan (up to 40 layers)
-Gram stain (crystal violet) trapped in peptidoglycan layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gram Negative

A

-thin peptidoglycan
-outer membrane
-less gram stain is trapped
-LPS layer to some antibacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

-polymer of amino acids and sugars
-not in eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Antibacterial is interchangeable with
antibiotics
26
Antibacterial are
Meds used to treat bacterial infections -exploit the differences between human and bacterial cell
27
antibacterial must
legally identify causative organisms before antibacterial therapy -potential susceptibility
28
Antibacterial can be effective against
-gram neg -gram pos
29
Narrow spectrum
selective against one class of bacteria -better
30
Broad spectrum
effective against both classes of bacteria
31
how do antibacterial effect bacteria (2 ways)
Antibacterial either kill or slow bacteria growth so immune system can attack -bactericidal -bacteriostatic
32
Bactericidal
lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations
33
Bacteriostatic
slows bacteria growth so immune system can attack
34
the immune system
is critical to help the body control + eliminate infections
35
What else is important other than antibacterials
host defenses/immune system
36
Superinfection
new microbes take over when antibiotics kill normal flora -microbes resistant to drug action = difficult to treat
37
Opportunistic infection
infections that wouldn't normally happen in an immunocompetent person -immunocompromised -existing colonization becomes infection
38
What can become opportunistic infections
-virus -fungi -protozoa
39
How many people die due to drug resistance
-globally 5 million -even against last resort drugs -little resistance to new drugs
40
Why does resistance occure
select mutant bacteria are enhanced due to -improper choice of antibacterial -too dose -dose not continued long enough -improper treatment -prophylactic use of antibacterial (animal food)
41
Host factors to antibacterial therapies
-age -allergies -organ health -site of infection -pregnancy -persons general health
42
Allergic reactions
-immune response -GI upset isn't an allergic reaction
43
Antibacterial mechanism of action
-Disruption of critical metabolic reaction -interference with cell wall synthesis -interference with protein synthesis -interference with DNA replication
44
Antibiotics that affect cell wall synthesis
-penicillins -vancomycin -cephalosporins
45
Antibiotics that impact transcription mechanisms
floroquinulones
46
Antibiotics that affect protein synthesis
-macrolides -tetracyclines -aminoglycosides
47
Antibiotics that affect metabolic pathways
-sulfamethoxazole -trimethoprim
48
Sulfonamides: Metabolic inhibitors
-broad spectrum -sulfa-drug -bacteriostatic
49
Sulfonamides: drugs
-sulfamethoxazole -sulfadiazine (prevent synthesis of folic acid)
50
Sulfonamides: indications
-combined with trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) -reaches effective concentrations in urinary tract -Bactrim or septra for URI and otitis media
51
Sulfonamides: other clinical uses
-upper respiratory tract infections -malaria -chlamydia
52
Sulfonamides: contraindications
-known allergy: applies to other derivatives of sulfa drugs (antidiabetic agents, thiazide and loop diuretics) -Pregnant women -not advised for breast feeding -not for infants less than 2 months
53
Sulfonamides: what happens when its given during pregnancy
-1st trimester = birth defects -end of pregnancy increases bilirubin = jaundice -end of pregnancy kemicterus (brain damage)
54
Sulfonamides: Adverse effects
-integumentary system (allergies/hypersensitivity) -blood (bone marrow depression = agranulocytosis, thrombopenia, aplastic anemia) -GI (nausea + vomiting)
55
B-lactam Antibiotics:
-sir alexander flemming (1928) -bacterium staphylococcus aures destroyed by the mold penicillium notatu -inhibit cell wall enzyme responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis
56
What effect do B-lactam Antibiotics have
Bactericidal
57
B-lactam Antibiotics: 4 groups
-penicillin -cephalosporins -carbapenems -monobactams
58
B-lactam Antibiotics: characterized by
B-lactam ring structure
59
Penicillin: two types
-naturally occurring -semi-synthetic
60
Penicillin: natural
sensitive to B-lactamase
61
Penicillin: Semi-synthetic
-B-lactamase resistant -broad spectrum (aminopenicillins) -extended spectrum (anti-pseudomonal penicillin's)
62
Penicillin: narrow spectrum
-Penicillin G (penicillin/benzylpenicillin) -penicillin V
63
Penicillin: B-lactamase resistant and penicillinase resistant
Cloxacillin
64
Penicillin: broader spectrum
-Amoxicillin (acid stable) -ampicillin
65
Penicillin: Anti-pseudomonal
-Extended spectrum -Ticarcillin -Piperacillin -works against pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
66
Penicillin: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
-in immunocompromised, cystic fibrosis -Respiratory tract -ears - UTIs -eyes -CNS -endocarditis
67
Penicillin: Mechanism of Action
-enter bacteria -in cell bind to penicillin building protein -normal cell wall synthesis disrupted -bacteria cell ruptures -don't kill other body cells
68
Penicillin: attack method
bactericidal -affects most gram pos and some gram neg
69
Penicillin: Drug Resistance
-some bacteria produce penicillin killing enzymes -Bacteria make B-lactamases
70
Penicillin: beta-lactamases
split Beta-lactam rings
71
Penicillin: Beta-lactam inhibitors
-used with penicillin's to combat beta-lactamases -Clavanic acid -tazobactam
72
Penicillin: indications
-Gram pos bacteria -broad/extended types kill gram neg
73
Penicillin: Administration
-PO -IM -IV
74
Penicillin: G is administered
IV
75
Penicillin: V is administered
PO
76
Penicillin: Adverse Effects
-most common drug allergy ~skin rashes ~subcutaneous edema- lips ~can be fatal -generally well tolerated -GI problems (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal pain)
77
Cephalosporins
-semi-synthetic derivatives from cephalosporium fungus -structurally + pharmacologically related to penicillin's
78
Cephalosporins: attack method
bactericidal
79
Cephalosporins: are ___ antibiotics
Beta-lactam
80
Cephalosporins: are organized into___ ranging from
Divided into groups generations, ranging from better gram negative coverage to better Beta-lactamase resistance
81
Cephalosporins: Generation 1 vs. 5
-1: best gram neg coverage, worst beta-lactam resistance - Middle generations gradually change -5: worse gram neg coverage, best beta-lactam resistance
82
Cephalosporins: first gen
-Cefazolin (IV) -Cephalexin (PO) -Cefadroxil -Surgical prophylaxis, UTIs, Otitis media
83
Cephalosporins: Second gen
-good gram pos coverage -better gram neg coverage then gen 1 -Cefuroxime (PO) -surgical prophylaxis -Cefoxitin (IV + IM)
84
Cephalosporins: Third gen
-Broader spectrum (better gram neg) -Cefotaxime (IV + IM) -easily passes meninges into CSF -Cefixime (PO) -best oral cephalosporin against gram neg
85
Cephalosporins: Third gen is best for
Treating meningitis
86
Cephalosporins: fourth gen
-broader spectrum of antibacterial activity (especially against gram neg) -Cefepime
87
Cephalosporins: fifth gen
-Broadest spectrum (kills gram neg well) -Ceftaroline (MRSA infections)
88
Cephalosporins: Adverse Effects
-generally well tolerated -GI problems (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal pain) -Allergies
89
Carbapenems: action is
Broad spectrum
90
Carbapenems: Broad spectrum attacks
-gram pos -gram neg -anerobic -effective for mixed infections
91
Carbapenems: Don't affect what infections
MRSA infections
92
Carbapenems: must be given __ not __
must be given IV not PO
93
Carbapenems: drugs, are used in
-imipenem -meropenem - used in combination therapy
94
Carbapenems: reserved for
severe complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections
95
Carbapenems: are classified as __ for infections ___
last resort antibacterial for infections that can't be treated by narrow drugs
96
Carbapenems: Drug resistance
-Carbapenem-resistant entero-bacteriaceae (CRE) -Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemases (KPC) and New-dehli metallo-beta lactamase (NDM)- enzymes that break down Carbapenems
97
Carbapenems: opportunistic infections
are veery hard to treat
98
Carbapenems: treat bacteria that are
resistant to most antibacterial
99
Macrolides: size and drugs
-Very large -Erythromycin -Azithromycin -Clarithromycin
100
Macrolides: Mechanism of action
-Inhibit protein synthesis -Broad spectrum -Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal (depending on concentration)
101
Macrolides: Given to people with what allergies/resistances
-allergies to Beta-lactam antibacterial -Penicillin resistances
102
Macrolides: Azithromycin and Clarithromycin are used
in combination therapy for those with HIV/AIDs to stop opportunistic infections
103
Macrolides: Treat infections of
-Respiratory, skin, soft tissues -Strep -Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptococci) -Mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections -Hemophilus influenzae -Spirochetal infections -Syphilis + Lyme disease -Gonorrhea -Chlamydia - Mycoplasma
104
Macrolides: Adverse Effects
-GI Disturbances (Nausea, Vomiting, diarrhea) -Provoke cardiac dysrhythmias (long Q-T)
105
Macrolides: Azithromycin and Clarithromycin adverse efects
-Fewer drug-drug interactions (Theophylline, warfarin, cyclosporin) -little to no inhibition of CYP enzymes
106
Tetracyclines: Mechanism of action
-Broad spectrum -Inhibit protein synthesis -Bacteriostatic
107
Tetracyclines: Drugs
-Tetracycline -Doxycycline -Minocycline -Demeclocycline
108
Tetracyclines: Indications
-Gram neg and gram pos -Bind to metal ions
109
Tetracyclines: Bind to what metal ions
-Bind to Ca2+, Mg2+, Iron, and aluminum
110
Tetracyclines: Don't take at the same time as what products
-Don't take at the same time as any metal ion products -Milk, supplements, laxatives, antacids
111
Tetracyclines: why can't you take these with metal ions
-form insoluble complexes (Chelation) -Which passes out of the body reducing absorption
112
Tetracyclines: Adverse effects
-Strong affinity for calcium -GI disturbances -Gut flora disturbances (Candida, Colitis/C-diff) -Photosensitivity -Antagonistic to bactericidal antibiotics (Time 1h apart)
113
Tetracyclines: Do NOT give to, why
-Pregnant people -Breastfeeding moms -Children younger then 8 years -Due to calcium binding (Tooth discoloration, bone deformities)
114
Aminoglycosides:
-Amino Sugars -Natural and synthetic (produced from streptomyces) -First effective bacteria against gram neg
115
Aminoglycosides: mechanisms of action
-Bactericidal -Prevents abnormal protein synthesis -Attack mostly gram neg and some gram pos
116
Aminoglycosides: Drug types
-Gentamicin -Neomycin -Streptomycin -Tobramycin -Amikacin
117
Aminoglycosides: Indicators
-Acts against gram neg -used best in combination
118
Aminoglycosides: are given, because
-Parenterally due to poorly absorbed through GI given parenterally (IM or IV) -Given orally or as enema to decontaminate prior to surgery
119
Aminoglycosides: Adverse effects
Serious toxicities -Ototoxicity -Nephrotoxicity
120
Aminoglycosides: Ototoxicity
Hearing or balancing loss -Irreversible -Ringing (tinnitus) -Deafness -Vestibular (balance)
121
Aminoglycosides: What makes ototoxicity worse
-Made worse if other ototoxic drugs are given
122
Aminoglycosides: Nephrotoxicity
-Reversable -Extreme neonates + existing renal conditions -Measure protein, urea, serum creatine levels, BUN
123
Aminoglycosides: Nephrotoxicity steps to limit
-Time each dose and test blood to limit effects -Monitor drug plasma levels
124
Aminoglycosides: What increases nephrotoxicity risk
-Vancomycin (antibacterial) -Cyclosporine (Immunosuppressant) -Amphotericin B (Antifungal)
125
Quinolone's or Fluroquinolones: Drug types
-Ciprofloxacin (Effective and most common) -Norfloxacin -Gemifloxacin -Levofloxacin -Gemifloxacin
126
Quinolone's or Fluroquinolones: Mechanism of Action
-Bactericidal -Gram neg and some gram pos -Alters DNA of bacteria
127
Quinolone's or Fluroquinolones: Indications
-UTI -Lower respiratory tract infection -Bone and Joint infections -Infectious diarrhea -Skin infections -STD -Anthrax
128
Quinolone's or Fluroquinolones: Adverse Effects
-GI (Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea) -Skin (Rashes) -CNS (Headaches, dizziness)
129
Quinolone's or Fluroquinolones: Interactions
-Drug-Drug (CYP inhibition)-Theophylline (asthma), Warfarin -Oral absorption reduced by (antacids, iron, zinc, calcium containing preparations)- give 1-2h prior to drugs
130
Vancomycin: methods of action
-Inhibits cell wall synthesis -Bactericidal -Only protein target to Beta-lactams
131
Vancomycin: Administration
-IV
132
Vancomycin: Indications
-MRSA and other gram pos infections -Oral for Pseudomembranous colitis
133
Vancomycin: Adverse Effects
-Resistance increasing -Infusion rate-related (infuse over 1h) -Fever, chills, phlebitis -Ototoxicity -Nephrotoxicity
134
Vancomycin: What do you do to reduce adverse effects
Blood drug monitoring

HLSC 220 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions