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HLSC 220 > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses

A
  • Tiny microorganisms that infect and replicate inside host cells
  • Coronavirus - SARS CoV-2
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2
Q

How do Viruses work

A
  1. use host cell machinery to synthesize protein, DNA, and RNA
  2. Viruses can’t replicate on own
  3. Must attach/enter a host cell
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3
Q

Problems of viral treatments

A
  1. Infections live in host cells- to kill virus may also kill cells
  2. Initially asymptomatic- delay treatment until virus is well established
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4
Q

Host defense in a competent immune system

A
  1. best response to viral infections
  2. Well functioning immune system will eliminate or effectively destroy virus replication
  3. Healthy immune system works with the drug to eliminate or suppress viral activity
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5
Q

Host Defense in Immunocompromised

A

Have frequent viral infections especially
1. cancer pts
2. Transplant pts
3. AIDs pts disease attacks their immune system

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6
Q

Antiviral medications

Do what

A
  1. work by inhibiting replication of virus in host
  2. don’t directly destroy mature virions
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7
Q

Viruses controlled by current antiviral therapy

A
  1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  2. Hep virus
  3. Herpes virus
  4. HIV
  5. Influenza virus (flu)
  6. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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8
Q

Antiretroviral Drugs

A

treat HIV infections virus causing AIDs

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9
Q

HIV host cells

A

DNA becomes RNA

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10
Q

HIV retroviral

A

RNA becomes DNA

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11
Q

HIV

A

-Leads to AIDs
-Retrovirus family
-Transmitted sexually, iv drugs(blood), mom to fetus

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12
Q

Opportunistic Infections in HIV pts

A
  1. Protozoal
  2. Fungal
  3. Viral
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13
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Protozoal

A

Toxoplasmosis of the brain

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14
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Fungal

A

-Candidiasis of lungs, esophagus, trachea
-Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

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15
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Opportunistic infections in HIV: Viral

A

-CMV
-HSV
-others

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16
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Bacterial

A

-Various mycobacterial infections
-Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

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17
Q

Opportunistic Neoplasms in HIV:

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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18
Q

Antivirals for HIV

A

-Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-Protease Inhibitors
-Integrase Inhibitors

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19
Q

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)

A

Block activity of enzyme reverse transcriptase
-prevent production on new DNA from viral RNA

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20
Q

Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors: subclasses

A

-Nucleoside RTIs
-Non-nucleoside RTIs

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21
Q

Nucleoside RTIs

A

Competes with cell nucleosides for DNA synthesis
-Zidovudine (AZT: azidothymidine)

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22
Q

Zidovudine (AZT: azidothymidine): Adverse effects

Study These Flashcards
A

Bone Marrow suppression
-anemia and neutropenia

23
Q

Protease Inhibitors

Study These Flashcards
A

Inhibit the retroviral protease enzyme, preventing viral protein preparation

24
Q

What is a good target for antiviral drugs

Study These Flashcards
A

viral enzymes

25
Protease inhibitor adverse effects
-Hyperglycemia -Cause new or exacerbate diseases
26
Protease Inhibitor- Ritonavir
has many drug-drug interactions -CYP450 inhibitor and inducer
27
Other Protease Inhibitor drugs
-atazanavir -fosamprenavir -indinavir -nelifnavir
28
Integrase Inhibitors
HIV integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
29
HIV integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
Inhibit insertion of HIV DNA into CD4 (T-helper) cell DNA
30
Other Integrase inhibitors
-raltegravir -dolutegravir -bitegravir -elvitegravir
31
What type of therapy is used for HIV treatment
Combination therapy is essential
32
Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART)
Goal is to reduce HIV in plasma - Viral load -No AIDs development -cannot pass virus to others
33
Drug combinations
1. 2 NRTIs + 1NNRTI 2. 2 NRTIs + 1 or 2 Protease inhibitors 3. BIKTARVY (bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir/alafenmide)
34
BIKTARVY (bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir/alafenmide)
-Single tab treatment of HIV-1 infection (2018) -Integrase inhibitor + 2 NRTIs
35
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
Tenofivir and emtricitabine -2 RTI combination
36
Daily drug regime for HIV is to
To prevent acquisition of HIV infection by uninfected persons
37
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
-Drugs taken very soon after possible exposure to HIV -start within 3 days and lasts 28 -Eg. Raltegravir + tenofovir + emtricitabine
38
Influenza
Has many different strains -A is 96% -B -C is less severe symptoms
39
What causes the differentiation in influenza
H + N surface proteins -eg. H1N1 vs. H3N2
40
Herpes virus group
-Varicella Zoster virus -Herpes simplex virus Cytomegalovirus
41
Varicella virus types
-Chicken Pox (Varicella) -Shingles (Herpes zoster)
42
Herpes simplex virus types
-HSV-1 (Oral) -HSV-2 (Genital)
43
Drugs for influeza
-Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) -Zanamivir -Baloxavir
44
Influenza treatment
-Should begin within 2 days of symptom onset -Can be used prophylactically if vaccine isn't an option -Can reduce recovery time when used therapeutically
45
Baloxavir treatment (Influenza)
-Newer drug -single dose regime - Equally effective as oseltamivir
46
Drugs for herpes virus
-Synthetic nucleoside analogues -Acyclovir (Zovirax)
47
Synthetic nucleoside analogues
-treats herpes virus -Nucleosides are DNA building blocks -Stops viral DNA synthesis
48
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
-Used to suppress replication of herpes virus -Used for initial and recurrent episodes -Topical, oral, parenteral forms
49
What forms of herpes does Acyclvir suppress
-HSV-1 -HSV-2 -VSV
50
Drugs for herpes Cytomegalovirus
DNA Polymerase Inhibitors -Ganciclovir
51
Cytomegalovirus
-Herpes virus family -May have virus but no symptoms -spread by bodily fluids -can affect brain, eyes, lungs, and GI
52
Ganciclovir treats
-Cytomegalovirus -CMV retinitis (Ophthalmic form is surgically implanted) -available in parenteral forms
53
Ribavirin
-synthetic nucleoside -PO or inhalation -Treats- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Hep C

HLSC 220 (10 decks)

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