Antibacterials Flashcards by Aria Stewart

Name the 4 quadrent single agents(5)

Clavamox/Unasyn
Chloremphenicol/Florfenicol
Meropenem/imipenem
Cefoxitin
Pradofloxicin

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Name the 4 quardrent drug combos

quinolone/ag + amoxi/PenG + metro (b. fragilis)
quinolone/ag + clinda/clavamox/unasyn/cefoxitin

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What drug class has confirmed time dependent killing PG

beta lactams

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What three drug classes have confirmed concentration dependent killing PG?

fluorquinolones, aminoglycosides, nitroimidozoles

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Which classes of antibiotics are cidal?(5)

Beta lactams
fluorquinolones
aminoglycosides
TMS
metro

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Which classes of antibiotics are static?

Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Licosamides
Phenicols
Sulfas (alone)

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True/False: there is no big difference between static and cidal action?

true, except with immunocompromised animals or bacterial menengitis

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Which classes of antibiotics are still active in purulent debris(6)

Fluorquinolones
Macrolides
Licosamides
phenicols
Tetracyclines
Trimethoprim

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What drugs/classes can penetrate the prostate?(7)

Chloramphenicol
Fluorquinolones
TMS
Doxy
Macrolides
Licosamides
3rd gen cephalosporins but we save!

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Which drugs/classes can cross the BBB(5)

Chloramphenicol
Fluorquinolones
TMS
Doxy
Imipenim

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What drug class can cross the BBB but only with inflammation?

licosamides

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What is the MoA for beta lactams

prevents cross linking of the peptidoglycan wall

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What are the two main mechanisms of resistance in beta lactams

-betalactamases
-alteration of the penicillin binding protein (chromosomal mutation of MRSA/MRSP infections)

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True/False: you could used a potentiated beta lactam to get around the resistance present in MRSA/MRSP infection

false! because that resistance is based in the penicillin binding protein not the betalactamases

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What is the injectable from of potentiated beta lactam?

Unasyn

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What is the oral potentiated beta lactam drug

clavamox (amoxi/clav)

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What are the three classifications of cephalosporns? what important drugs are in each

Gen 1 - cefazolin, cephalexin
Gen 2- cefoxitin
Gen 3 - vet drugs (cefpodoxime, ceftiofur, cefovecin [convenia]

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When would you use a first gen cephalosporin?

gram + coverage
cefazolin: pre-op profolax
cephalexin: pyoderma

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What class is cefoxitin? what is special about it?

cephalosporin/beta lactam
it is a four quad single agent

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What class of drugs is drug of choice for bacterial meningitis

third gen cephalospornsW

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What drug is considered the 1st and 2nd tier drug for pyoderma in dogs and soft tissue infections?

cefpodoxime

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What is the only injectable formula of ceftiofur?

naxcel

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What group of drugs has the broadest spectrum of activity of any antiicrobial

carbapenems

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What is the MoA of fluoroquinolones?

inhibits DNA gyrase (preventing cell replication)

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What is the main mechanism of resistance of the quinolones?

alteration of the target (chromosomal resistance)

What are the four most common quinolones?

Enrofloxicin Orbofloxicin Marbofloxacin Pradofloxicin

Which quinolone is the only 4 quad single agent?

pradofloxicin

What agents would you use quinolones against?

gram neg and staph

What are the two special spectra for quinolones

mycoplasma and mycobacteria

What are the 3 adverse rxns of the quinolones

Enro: seizures @ high doses retintoxicity in cats Arthropathy is dose/species dependent

What is the MoA for AG?

30s inhibition

What is AG best for?

gram -

What are the mech of resistnace of AG?

hyperosmolarity, low pH, anaerobic conditions

What are the 4 most common AG?

neomycin tobramycin Gentamicin Amikacin

What are the most sig adverse effects of AG?

nephrotoxicity ototoxicity

Why would you do therapeutic drug monitoring with AGs?

b/c the nephrotoxic possibility

What would you use a macrolide to tx?

gram + or respiratory -

What is the MoA of macrolides?

50s inhibition

True/False: although very similar, resistance across macrolides and licosamides is uncommon

false

Why are macrolides effective against resp gram -?

due to their intracellualr activity

What are the 4 common macrolides?

Azythromycon Erythromycin Tylosin Tilmicosin

What is the most common adverse effect of macrolides?

GI upset

What drug is cardiotoxic in ducks, goats, horses, pig, man?

Tilmicosin

What macrolide causes colic and death in horses?

tylosin

What is the MoA for licosamides?

50s inhibition

What is most common licosamide?

Clindamycin

What is licosamides good against?

gram + and anerobes

What special spectra do licosamides have?

mycoplasma toxoplasma

What are the main side effects of licosamides?

esophageal strictures GI depletion yielding c diff overgrowth (NO HINDGUT)

What is the MoA for phenicols?

50s

What are the 2 main phenicol drugs?

chloramphenicol florfenicol

What phenicol is used in small animal and horses but banned in food animals?

chloremphenicol (aplastic anemia in humans)

Which phenicol can you use in cattle?

florfenicol

What special spectra do phenicols have

rickettsia +/- chlamydia

True/False: you can use any phenicol in horses

false only chlorphenicol florfenicol causes severe D and colitis

What group of drugs is prone to drug interactions because of the inhibition of the P450 system?

phenicols

What class of drug in not well tolerated in cats and can cause hind limb weakness in dogs?

phenicols

What class of drug is usually only utilized for special spectra?

tetracyclines

What is the MoA for tetracyclines?

30s

What is the primary injectable tetracycline in vet med

oxytet

What drug/class is choice for tick borne disease and lepto?

Doxy/tetracyclines

What non antibiotic effects do tetracyclines have?

tx of melting corneal ulcers perodontal dz anti inflam/immunomodulatory?

What are adverse effects of tetracyclines?

GI flora distruption in utero teeth staining (except doxy) hepatotoxicity (doxy) nephrotoxicity sudden collapse following rapid iv

Why shouldn't you use IV tetracyclines in horses?

cardiac arrhythmias, collapse, death

What is the MoA for potentiated sulfas?

folic acid synthesis disruption

What are the only occasions to used non potentiated sulfas?

coccidiosis nocardia bovine foot rot

What are the compounds added to potentiate sulfas?

diaminopyrimidines bezylpyrimadines trimethoprim (most common)

What is the most common potentiated sulfa drug

TMS

What are the adverse effects of potentiated sulfas

KCS, imha, etc (immuno driven naughtiness bone marrow suppression (reversable) death in horses w/ simultaneous injo of alpha 2

What is the main use of nitroimidazoles?

obligate anaerobes

What is the main adverse sign of nitroimidazoles?

neuro with high doses

What three drugs are BANNED in food animals

chlorphenicol metronidazole fluorquinolones

What drugs can be safely given to horses?(6)

Nitroimidazoles TMS (slowly if giving with alpha 2) Oral tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Gentamicin Naxel (ceftiofur, cephalosporin)

What drug classes can be used against mycoplasma

Fluorquinolones Macrolides Licosamides Phenicols

What drug classes can be used against lepto

Tetracyclines Aminogycosides Penicillins (alone and potentiated)

What drug classes can be used against psuedomonas (4)

Ceftazidime (only cephalospirin ) Carbapenems Fluorquinolones (mainly prado) Aminoglycosides

What drug classes work against rickettsia

Doxycycline Phenicols +/- fluorquinolones