antibio Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
What is the brand name for Amoxicillin?
A
Amoxil, Moxatag
2
Q
What drug class is Amoxicillin in?
A
Beta-lactam
3
Q
What are the indications for Amoxicillin?
A
Acute otitis media, Lower respiratory tract infection, Streptococcal pharyngitis, Ear, nose, and throat infection, Infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, Infection of genitourinary system, and H. pylori eradication
4
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Amoxicillin?
A
Semisynthetic penicillin derivative that inhibits the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall mucopeptide
5
Q
What are the major contraindications for Amoxicillin?
A
Hypersensitivity
6
Q
What are the black box warnings for Amoxicillin?
A
None
7
Q
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Amoxicillin?
A
Diarrhea, Nausea
8
Q
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Amoxicillin?
A
Severe hypersensitivity, Renal failure, Hepatic failure, Pancytopenia
9
Q
What are the key counseling points for Amoxicillin?
A
Complete full course of therapy. Can take with food if causes upset stomach. Symptoms should improve within 2-3d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP. May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives; encourage patients to use backup contraceptive methods.
10
Q
What type of coverage does Amoxicillin provide?
A
Gram-positive coverage; Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp, and some Enterobacteriales
11
Q
What is the brand name for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
Augmentin
12
Q
What drug class is Amoxicillin/Clavulanate in?
A
Beta-lactam
13
Q
What are the indications for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
Acute otitis media,
Community-acquired pneumonia, Lower respiratory tract infection, Sinusitis, infection of skin or subcutaneous tissue, infectious disease of genitourinary system, and Urinary tract infections
14
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic penicillin derivative. It is not effective against ²-lactamase-producing bacteria. Clavulanate, a ²-lactamase inhibitor, has weak antibacterial activity but it is a potent inhibitor of plasmid-mediated ²-lactamases and protects amoxicillin from degradation by ²-lactams
15
Q
What are the major contraindications for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
Hypersensitivity to penicillins; Extended-release products are contraindicated in patients on dialysis or severe renal dysfunction; History of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction with amoxicillin/clavulanate therapy
16
Q
What are the black box warnings for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
None
17
Q
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
Nausea, Diarrhea
18
Q
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
Severe hypersensitivity, Renal failure, Hepatic failure, Pancytopenia
19
Q
What are the key counseling points for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate?
A
Complete full course of therapy. Take dose with food to ensure proper absorption. Symptoms should improve within 2-3d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP. May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives; encourage patients to use backup contraceptive methods.
20
Q
What type of coverage does Amoxicillin/Clavulanate provide?
A
Gram-positive and gram-negative coverage; co-formulation of amoxicillin with a beta-lactamase inhibitor allows for extended coverage of Gram negatives that produce beta-lactamases
21
Q
What is the brand name for Cefdinir?
A
Omnicef
22
Q
What drug class is Cefdinir in?
A
Third-Generation Cephalosporin; Beta-Lactam
23
Q
What are the indications for Cefdinir?
A
Acute otitis media, Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Bronchitis, Community-acquired pneumonia, Uncomplicated skin, Subcutaneous tissue infection, COPD exacerbation (acute), Streptococcal pharyngitis
24
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Cefdinir?
A
3rd generation cephalosporin
with activity against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including ²-clactamase-producing strains
25
What are the major contraindications for Cefdinir?
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporin
26
What are the black box warnings for Cefdinir?
None
27
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Cefdinir?
Diarrhea
28
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Cefdinir?
Increased liver enzymes, Hypersensitivity
29
What are the key counseling points for Cefdinir?
Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP. Separate administration of antacids, iron, and vitamins by 2 h.
30
What type of coverage does Cefdinir provide?
Gram-positive and gram-negative coverage
31
What is the brand name for Cefuroxime?
Ceftin, Zinacef
32
What drug class is Cefuroxime in?
Second-Generation Cephalosporin;
Beta-Lactam
33
What are the indications for Cefuroxime?
Acute infective exacerbation of
COPD, Uncomplicated skin and/or subcutaneous tissue infection, Acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis, Uncomplicated UTI, Acute otitis media, Bronchitis acute, Secondary bacterial infection, Uncomplicated Gonorrhea, Streptococcal pharyngitis,
Tonsillitis, UTI, Bite wound, Prophylaxis, Community-acquired pneumonia
34
What is the mechanism of action of Cefuroxime?
2nd-generation cephalosporin whose activity is better than cefazolin but less than cefotaxime, against Haemophilus influenzae; including ²-lactamase-producing strains. Its activity against anaerobes is poor, similar to the 1st-generation cephalosporins.
35
What are the major contraindications for Cefuroxime?
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
36
What are the black box warnings for Cefuroxime?
None
37
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Cefuroxime?
Diarrhea
38
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Cefuroxime?
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Hepatotoxicity, Severe hypersensitivity, Anemia, Neutropenia, Pancytopenia, Seizure
39
What are the key counseling points for Cefuroxime?
Seek medical attention if rash develops. Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP.
40
What type of coverage does Cefuroxime provide?
Mostly gram-positive
41
What is the brand name for Cephalexin?
Keflex, Daxbia
42
What drug class is Cephalexin in?
First-Generation Cephalosporin;
Beta-Lactams
43
What are the indications for Cephalexin?
Infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, Osteomyelitis, Otitis media, Respiratory tract infection, UTI, Streptococcal pharyngitis, Impetigo, Ecthyma, Cellulitis (nonpurulent), Erysipelas
44
What is the mechanism of action of Cephalexin?
1st-generation cephalosporin that inhibits bacterial wall synthesis of actively dividing cells by binding to e 1 penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Most gram-positive bacteria, including non-penicllinase- and penicillinase-producing staphylococci and streptococci.
Activity against gram-negative bacteria is primarily restricted to E. coli, Klebsiella,
and Proteus mirabilis.
45
What are the major contraindications for Cephalexin?
Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins
46
What are the black box warnings for Cephalexin?
None
47
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Cephalexin?
Nausea
48
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Cephalexin?
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Renal failure, Severe hypersensitivity, Anemia, Neutropenia, Seizure
49
What are the key counseling points for Cephalexin?
Seek medical attention if rash develops. Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP
50
What type of coverage does Cephalexin provide?
Mostly gram-positive
51
What are the brand names for Chlorhexidine?
Peridex, Paroex, Hibiclens, Periogard
52
What drug class is Chlorhexidine in?
Antibacterial Cleansing Agent
53
What are the indications for Chlorhexidine?
Gingivitis, Skin or wound cleansing
54
What is the mechanism of action of Chlorhexidine?
A polybiguanide that is an antiseptic and antimicrobial drug with bactericidal activity. The bactericidal effect is a result of the binding of this cationic molecule to negatively charged bacterial cell walls and extra microbial complexes.
55
What are the major contraindications for Chlorhexidine?
Hypersensitivity
56
What are the black box warnings for Chlorhexidine?
None
57
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Chlorhexidine?
Mouth irritation, Tongue irritation, Tooth aches, and Discolored teeth with oral rinse
58
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Chlorhexidine?
Allergic reactions, Skin irritation
59
What are the key counseling points for Chlorhexidine?
Do not swallow oral rinse. Wait several hours after use to eat or drink. For topical product, use only on unbroken skin and do not get it in the eyes, ears, mouth, nose, genital area, or anal area. Contains large amounts of alcohol and is flammable. Apply the medicine in a well ventilated area. Do not cover the treated area until the skin is completely dry
after application.
60
What type of coverage does Chlorhexidine provide?
Activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeast; it is both bacteriostatic and bactericidal, depending on its concentration.
60
What are the brand names for Ciproflaxin Oral?
Cipro, Cipro XR
60
What drug class is Ciproflaxin in?
Fluoroquinolone
61
What are the indications for Ciproflaxin Oral?
Anthrax, postexposure prophylaxis, Bacterial prostatitis (chronic), Bronchitis, Lower respiratory tract infection,
Infection of bone, skin, or soft tissue, abdomen, Sinusitis, Urinary tract infectious
disease
62
What is the mechanism of action of Ciproflaxin Oral?
Fluoroquinolone that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase
63
What are the major contraindications for Ciproflaxin Oral?
Hypersensitivity to quinolones, Concomitant tizanidine
64
What are the black box warnings for Ciproflaxin Oral?
Serious adverse effects (tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, CNS), Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis
65
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Ciproflaxin Oral?
Tooth discoloration in infants, Musculoskeletal signs and symptoms
66
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Ciproflaxin Oral?
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Renal failure, Anemia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Seizure, Cardiac effects, Liver failure, Myasthenia gravis, Tendon rupture, Renal
failure, Psychosis, QTc prolongation, Peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, Severe cardiac, Dermatologic, and Hypersensitivity reactions
67
What are the key counseling points for Ciproflaxin Oral?
Seek medical attention if decreased urination, yellowing of eyes, blistering skin rash or extreme fatigue, unusual bruising or bleeding, shortness of breath or chest pain, tendon pain muscle weakness, a "pins and needles" tingling or pricking sensation, numbness in the arms or legs, confusion or hallucinations. Take with or without food, but now with milk or other dairy products. Take at least 2 h before or 6 h after antacids, sucralfate, or mineral supplements and multivitamins with calcium, iron, or zinc.
68
What type of coverage does Ciproflaxin Oral provide?
Highly active against aerobic, gram-negative bacilli
69
What are the brand names for Ciproflaxin Otic?
Cetraxal, Otiprio, Cipro HC
70
What drug class is Ciproflaxin Otic in?
Fluoroquinolone
71
What are the indications for Ciproflaxin Otic?
Otitis externa (acute), Otitis media w/ effusion
72
What is the mechanism of action of Ciproflaxin Otic?
Fluoroquinolone that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase
73
What are the major contraindications for Ciproflaxin Otic?
Hypersensitivity to quinolones
74
What are the black box warnings for Ciproflaxin Otic?
None
75
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Ciproflaxin Otic?
Application site pain and itching
76
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Ciproflaxin Otic?
Hypersensitivity reactions
77
What are the key counseling points for Ciproflaxin Otic?
Warm solution by holding container in hands for at least 1 min before administering. Patient should lie with affected ear upward; position should be maintained for at least 1 min after instillation; repeat in the opposite ear if necessary.
78
What type of coverage does Ciproflaxin Otic provide?
Highly active against aerobic, gram-negative bacilli
79
What is the brand name for Clarithromycin?
Biaxin
80
What drug class is Clarithromycin in?
Macrolide Antibiotic
81
What are the indications for Clarithromycin?
Acute ineffective exacerbation
of bronchitis, Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), Skin infections, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Disseminated infection due to M. avium-intracellulare group, Prophylaxis-HIV infection, primary prevention and treatment, H. pylori GI tract infection, Streptococcal pharyngitis, COPD acute exacerbation
82
What is the mechanism of action of Clarithromycin?
Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the 70S ribosome of susceptible organisms, thereby inhibiting bacterial RNA-dependent protein synthesis.
83
What are the major contraindications for Clarithromycin?
Hypersensitivity to any macrolide or ketolide, Concomitant colchicine, cisaride, pimozide, astemizole, terfenadine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors metabolized by CYP3A4/5, History of cholestatic jaundice/Hepatic dysfunction with use
of Clarithromycin, Colchicine in renal or hepatic impairment
84
What are the black box warnings for Clarithromycin?
None
85
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Clarithromycin?
Taste disturbance
86
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Clarithromycin?
QTc prolongation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Anemia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Severe hypersensitivity, Myasthenic crisis, Elevated LFTs, Hallucinations,
Nephrotoxicity
87
What are the key counseling points for Clarithromycin?
Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP.
88
What type of coverage does Clarithromycin provide?
Gram positive and "Atypicals";
Gram-positive: Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenese
Gram-negative: H. pylori, Chlamydia, Mycoplasm, Neisseria
89
What is the brand name for Clindamycin Oral?
Cleocin
90
What drug class is Clindamycin Oral in?
Lincosamide Antibiotic
91
What are the indications for Clindamycin Oral?
Bacterial infectious disease, Susceptible infections due to anaerobic organisms, Staphylococcus, Streptococci, Pneumococci, Infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, Infectious disease of abdomen, Lower respiratory tract infection, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Septicemia, Osteomyelitis, Diabetic foot infection
92
What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin Oral?
Semisynthetic 7-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin derivative that *inhibits bacterial protein synthesis* by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit; it is bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration, organism, and inoculums.
93
What are the major contraindications for Clindamycin Oral?
Hypersensitivity
94
What are the black box warnings for Clindamycin Oral?
Colitis
95
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Clindamycin Oral?
Nausea
96
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Clindamycin
Oral?
QTc prolongation, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Pseudomembranous colitis, Esophagitis, C. difficile, DRESS reaction
97
What are the key counseling points for Clindamycin Oral?
Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP. Take with full glass of water. **Remain upright for 30 min after
dose** to minimize risk of GI ulceration.
98
What type of coverage does Clindamycin provide?
Active against most gram-positive organisms except enterococci and Clostridium difficile. Gram-negative aerobes are resistant, but most anaerobes are sensitive
99
What are the brand names for Doxycycline?
Vibramycin, Doxy 100
100
What drug class is Doxycycline in?
Tetracycline Antibiotic
101
What are the indications for Doxycycline?
Acinetobacter infection, Acne vulgaris, Gonorrhea (uncomplicated), Staphylococcal infection of skin, Community-acquired pneumonia, empiric therapy
102
What is the mechanism of action of Doxycycline?
Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic compound that inhibits protein synthesis at the 30S ribosomal subunit
103
What are the major contraindications for Doxycycline?
Hypersensitivity or Concurrent retinoic acid derivatives
104
What are the black box warnings for Doxycycline?
None
105
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Doxycycline?
Esophageal injury, Photosensitivity, Skin hyperpigmentation, Tooth discoloration in children < 8 y of age
106
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Doxycycline?
Esophageal ulceration, Hypersensitivity, Hepatotoxicity, Renal toxicity, C. difficile
colitis, Increased intracranial pressure, Decreased growth in children
107
What are the key counseling points for Doxycycline?
May take with food that does not contain calcium. Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP. **May cause photosensitivity; discontinue at first sign of skin erythema. Wear sunscreen and avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light**. Administer with 240 mL of water.
108
What type of coverage does Doxycycline provide?
Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Aerobic and Anaerobic bacteria, as well as spirochetes, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and some protozoa. Many bacteria have developed
plasmid-mediated resistance.
109
What is the brand name for Erythromycin?
Erythrocin
110
What drug class is Erythromycin in?
Macrolide Antibiotic
111
What are the indications for Erythromycin?
Bacterial infections
112
What is the mechanism of action of Erythromycin?
Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis
113
What are the major contraindications for Erythromycin?
Hypersensitivity, Concurrent ergotamine, terfenadine, astemizole, lovastatin, simvastatin, cisapride
114
What are the black box warnings for Erythromycin?
None
115
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Erythromycin?
Diarrhea
116
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Erythromycin?
QTc prolongation, Arrhythmias, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Hepatotoxicity, Severe hypersensitivity, Anemia, Neutropenia, Pancytopenia, Seizure
117
What are the key counseling points for Erythromycin?
Seek medical attention if rash develops. Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen follow-up with HCP.
118
What type of coverage does Erythromycin provide?
Gram positive and "Atypicals"
Gram-positive: Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenese
Gram-negative: H. pylori, Chlamydia, Mycoplasm, Neisseria
119
What is the brand name for Fidaxomicin?
Dificid
120
What drug class is Fidaxomicin in?
Macrolide Antibiotic
121
What are the indications for Fidaxomicin?
Clostridium difficile
122
What is the mechanism of action of Fidaxomicin?
Antibacterial agent that acts locally in the GI tract on C. difficile via inhibition of RNA polymerases
123
What are the major contraindications for Fidaxomicin?
None
124
What are the black box warnings for Fidaxomicin?
None
125
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Fidaxomicin?
Nausea
126
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Fidaxomicin?
Bowel obstruction, GI hemorrhage
127
What are the key counseling points for Fidaxomicin?
May be given with or without food
128
What is the brand name for Levofloxacin?
Levaquin
129
What drug class is Levofloxacin?
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic
130
What are the indications for Levofloxacin?
Bacterial prostatitis (chronic), Bacterial sinusitis (acute), Bronchitis (chronic), Acute bacterial exacerbation, Community-acquired pneumonia, Infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue (uncomplicated), Pyelonephritis (acute)
131
What is the mechanism of action of Levofloxacin?
Fluoroquinolone that inhibits bacterial SNA gyrase, an enzyme responsible for the unwinding of DNA for transcription and subsequent supercoiling of DNA for packaging into chromosomal subunits.
132
What are the major contraindications for Levofloxacin?
Hypersensitivity to quinolones, Concomitant tizanidine administration
133
What are the black box warnings for Levofloxacin?
Myasthenia gravis, Tendon inflammation and rupture, Peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, Cardiac, Dermatologic, and Hypersensitivity reactions, Aortic dissections and rupture
134
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Levofloxacin?
Photosensitivity
135
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Levofloxacin?
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Renal failure, Severe hypersensitivity, Anemia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Seizure, Cardiac arrest, Cardiac arrhythmias, Liver failure, Tendon rupture, Psychosis, Glucose abnormalities, C. difficile colitis, Peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, Severe cardiac, Dermatologic, and Hypersensitivity reactions
136
What are the key counseling points for Levofloxacin?
Seek medical attention if decreased urination, yellowing of eyes, blistering skin rash or extreme fatigue, unusual bruising or bleeding, shortness of breath or chest pain, tendon pain, muscle weakness, a "pins and needles" tingling or pricking sensation, numbness in the arms or legs, confusion or hallucinations. **Take with or without food, but not with milk, yogurt, or other dairy products or calcium-fortified products (some juices and breads)**. If using antacids, sucralfate, or mineral supplements and multivitamins with calcium, iron, or zinc, take levofloxacin at least 2 h before or 6 h after these medicines.
137
What type of coverage does Levofloxacin provide?
Highly active against aerobic, gram-negative bacilli
138
What is the brand name for Metronidazole?
Flagyl
139
What drug class is Metronidazole in?
Nitroimidazole Antibiotic, Antiprotozoal
140
What are the indications for Metronidazole?
Abscess (anaerobic), Amebic dysentery (acute), Bacterial vaginosis, Trichomoniasis (for patient and sex partner)
141
What is the mechanism of action of Metronidazole?
Synthetic nitroimidazole; it is bactericidal against nearly all obligate anaerobic bacteria including B. fragilis
142
What are the major contraindications for Metronidazole?
Hypersensitivity, 1st trimester of pregnancy
143
What are the black box warnings for Metronidazole?
Carcinogenic
144
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Metronidazole?
Headaches, Nausea
145
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Metronidazole?
Severe hypersensitivity, Seizures, Ototoxicity, Clinically insignificant dark urine, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Neutropenia/Thrombocytopenia
146
What are the key counseling points for Metronidazole?
**Avoid alcohol while taking this medicine and for 3 d after**, may cause severe disulfiram-like reaction. Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP. May be administered with food to minimize stomach
upset.
147
What type of coverage does Metronidazole provide?
Active against T. vaginalis (trichomoniasis), E. histolytica (amebiasis), G. lamblia, and B. fragilis.
148
What is the brand name for Minocycline?
Minocin
149
What drug class is Minocycline in?
Tetracycline Antibiotic
150
What are the indications for Minocycline?
Acne vulgaris, Allergy to penicillin - bacterial infectious disease
151
What is the mechanism of action of Minocycline?
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum bacteriostatic compounds that inhibit protein synthesis at the 30S ribosomal subunit.
152
What are the major contraindications for Minocycline?
Hypersensitivity
153
What are the black box warnings for Minocycline?
None
154
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Minocycline?
Dizziness and vertigo, Tooth discoloration in children < 8 y of age, Headache
155
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Minocycline?
Hypersensitivity, Hepatotoxicity, Renal toxicity, C. difficile colitis, Increased intracranial pressure, Decreased growth in children, Tissue hyperpigmentation
156
What are the key counseling points for Minocycline?
May take with food that does not contain calcium (dairy). Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with HCP. **Acne should improve within 1-2 wks. Wear sunscreen.** Avoid driving or using hazardous machines until side effects are known (dizziness). **Warn patients (both male and female) to avoid pregnancy**
157
What type of coverage does Minocycline provide?
Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Aerobic, and Anaerobic bacteria, as well as spirochetes, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and some protozoa. Many bacteria have developed
pasmid-mediated resistance. Most Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa are resistant.
158
What is the brand name of Moxifloxacin Oral?
Avelox
159
What drug class is Moxifloxacin Oral in?
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic
160
What are the indications for Moxifloxacin Oral?
Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, Bacterial sinusitis (acute), Community-acquired pneumonia, Infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, Complicated intra-abdominal infections
161
What is the mechanism of action of Moxifloxacin Oral?
Fluoroquinolone that inhibits bacterial topoisomerase II and IV.
162
What are the major contraindications for Moxifloxacin Oral?
Hypersensitivity
163
What are the black box warnings for Moxifloxacin Oral?
Myasthenia gravis, Tendon inflammation and rupture, Peripheral neuropathy, Aortic dissections, Hypoglycemia, Delirium
164
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Moxifloxacin Oral?
>10% - None known
1-10% - Nausea, Dizziness, Diarrhea, Headache
165
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Moxifloxacin Oral?
**Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Renal failure**, Severe hypersensitivity, Anemia,
Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia, Seizure, Cardiac arrhythmias, Liver failure, **Tendon rupture**, Psychosis, Exacerbation of **myasthenia gravis**, Peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, Severe cardiac, Dermatologic, and Hypersensitivity reactions
166
What are the key counseling points for Moxifloxacin Oral?
Seek medical attention if decreased urination, yellowing of eyes, blistering skin rash or extreme fatigue, unusual bruising or bleeding, shortness of breath or chest pain, tendon pain, muscle weakness, a "pins and needles" tingling or pricking sensation, numbness in the arms or legs, confusion or hallucinations. Complete full course of therapy. **Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen**, seek follow-up with health-care practitioner. If tendon pain develops, discontinue use and seek medical attention. Patients >65 y of age and on concurrent steroids are at increased risk. You may take this medicine with or without food. **Do not take this medicine with milk, yogurt, or other dairy products or calcium-fortified products (some juices and breads).** If using antacids, sucralfate, or mineral supplements and multivitamins with calcium,
iron, or zinc, take moxifloxacin at least 4 h before or 8 h after these medicines. **Wear sunscreen.**
167
What type of coverage does Moxifloxacin Oral provide?
Broad spectrum activity, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, Chlamydia, and Anaerobes. It is effective for Respiratory tract infections caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and others.
168
What are the brand names for Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Vigamox, Moxeza
169
What drug class is Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic in?
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic
170
What are the indications for Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Bacterial conjunctivitis
171
What is the mechanism of action of Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Fluoroquinolone that inhibits bacterial topoisomerase II and IV.
172
What are the major contraindications for Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Hypersensitivity
173
What are the black box warnings for Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
None
174
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
> 10% - None known, 1-10% - Conjunctivitis, Dry eyes, Eye pain, Subconjunctival hemorrhage, Tearing and burning of the eyes, Reduced visual acuity
175
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Fungal or bacterial ocular superinfection
176
What are the key counseling points for Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d but complete full course of therapy. If symptoms worsen, seek follow-up with health-care practitioner. Educate on proper eye drop administration.
177
What type of coverage does Moxifloxacin Ophthalmic provide?
Broad spectrum activity, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, and Anaerobes.
178
What is the brand name for Mupirocin?
Bactroban
179
What drug class is Mupirocin in?
Topical Antibacterial
180
What are the indications for Mupirocin?
Impetigo, Secondary skin infections, Eradication of nasal colonization of MRSA during institutional outbreaks
181
What is the mechanism of action of Mupirocin?
Antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly and specifically binding to bacterial isoleucyl transfer-RNA synthetase. Demonstrates no in vitro cross-resistance with other classes of antimicrobial agents.
182
What are the major contraindications for Mupirocin?
Hypersensitivity
183
What are the black box warnings for Mupirocin?
None
184
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Mupirocin?
> 10% - None known, 1-10% - Headache, Pruritus, Burning at site of application, Stinging sensation, Rhinitis
185
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Mupirocin?
C.difficile diarrhea
186
What are the key counseling points for Mupirocin?
Instruct patients on proper application technique. Avoid drug exposure to open wounds, burns, or eyes.
187
What type of coverage does Mupirocin provide?
Active against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is also active against certain Gram-negative bacteria.
188
What are the brand names for Nitrofurantoin?
Macrodantin, Macrobid
189
What drug class is Nitrofurantoin in?
Nitrofuran Antibiotic
190
What are the indications for Nitrofurantoin?
Urinary tract infection (treatment and prophylaxis)
191
What is the mechanism of action of Nitrofurantoin?
Synthetic nitrofuran that inactivates bacterial ribosomes and is bactericidal in urine at therapeutic doses.
192
What are the major contraindications for Nitrofurantoin?
Hypersensitivity, Use in neonates or pregnant patients at term (38-42 wk) due to risk of hemolytic anemia, Anuria or Oliguria
193
What are the black box warnings for Nitrofurantoin?
None
194
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Nitrofurantoin?
Discoloration of urine
195
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Nitrofurantoin?
Severe hypersensitivity, Hepatic failure, Hemolytic anemia, Interstitial lung disease
196
What are the key counseling points for Nitrofurantoin?
May make urine brown; this is not harmful and is a breakdown product of the drug. Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen, seek
follow-up care
197
What type of coverage does Nitrofurantoin provide?
Active against most bacteria that cause UTIs except nearly all strains of Pseudomonas are resistant.
198
What is the brand name of Penicillin?
Penicillin VK
199
What drug class is Penicillin in?
Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
200
What are the indications for Penicillin?
Otitis media, Mild-moderate pneumococcal, Streptococcal pharyngitis, Erysipelas, Gingivitis
201
What is the mechanism of action of Penicillin?
Interfere with late stages of bacterial cell wall synthesis; resistance is caused primarily by bacterial production of ²-lactamasesl some organisms have altered penicillin-binding protein targets; others have impermeable outer cell wall layers.
202
What are the major contraindications for Penicillin?
Hypersensitivity
203
What are the black box warnings for Penicillin?
None
204
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Penicillin?
Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Oral candidiasis
205
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Penicillin?
Severe hypersensitivity, Renal failure, Hepatic failure, Hemolytic anemia
206
What are the key counseling points for Penicillin?
Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen, seek medical care. Take on an empty stomach. Seek care for severe diarrhea, dark urine, yellowing of skin or eyes, unusual bruising or bleeding, blistering skin rash, or shortness of
breath.
207
What type of coverage does Penicillin provide?
Gram-positive organisms and some Gram-negative organisms, notable Neisseria spp.
208
What are the brand names for Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
Bactrim, Septra
209
What drug class is Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in?
Sulfonamide Antibiotic
210
What are the indications for Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
Acute infective exacerbation of COPD, HIV infection, Pneumocystis pneumonia (treatment and prophylaxis), Traveler's diarrhea, Urinary tract infection
211
What is the mechanism of action of Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
SMZ competitively inhibits the synthesis of dihydropteroic acid (an inactive folic acid precursor) in microorganisms. TMP inhibits the enzymatic reduction of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid.
212
What are the major contraindications for Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, Children < 2 mo, Pregnant patients at term, Megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency, History of
drug-induced thrombocytopenia with use of sulfonamides or trimethoprim, Marked
hepatic damage or Severe renal disease, Concomitant administration with dofetilide
213
What are the black box warnings for Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
None
214
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
Diarrhea, Nausea
215
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
Severe hypersensitivity, Renal failure, Hepatic
failure, Pancytopenia, Arrhythmias, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Hyperkalemia, Hypoglycemia, Hemolytic anemia
216
What are the key counseling points for Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)?
Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with health-care practitioner. May cause photosensitivity; use sunscreen. Maintain adequate hydration during therapy to prevent kidney complications. Seek medical attention for severe diarrhea, dark urine, yellowing of skin or eye, unusual bruising or bleeding, blistering skin rash, or shortness of breath
217
What type of coverage does Trimethoprim (TMP)/Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)
provide?
Active against many bacteria and P. carinii. Has no in vitro activity against MRSA, but clinical success has been variable and unpredictable.
218
What are the brand names for Azithromycin?
Zithromax, Z-Pak
219
What drug class is Azithromycin in?
Macrolide Antibiotic
220
What are the indications for Azithromycin?
Acute infective exacerbation
of COPD, skin, or tissue infection; Bacterial sinusitis; Chancroid; Nongonococcal cervicitis, Nongonococcal urethritis; Community-acquired pneumonia; Sexually
transmitted infections; Streptococcal pharyngitis
221
What is the mechanism of action of Azithromycin?
Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with microbial protein synthesis.
222
What are the major contraindications for Azithromycin?
Hypersensitivity to any macrolide or ketolide antibiotic
223
What are the black box warnings for Azithromycin?
None
224
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Azithromycin?
Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting
225
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Azithromycin?
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Chest pain, Severe hypersensitivity, Myasthenia
gravis, QTc prolongation, Torsades de pointes, Hepatitis
226
What are the key counseling points for Azithromycin?
Complete full course of therapy. Take tablets with or without food, although some patients report increased tolerability when given with food. Avoid mixing suspension with food or
beverages, but food can be taken afterward. Symptoms should improve within 2-3
d; if they worsen, seek follow-up with health-care practitioner
227
What type of coverage does Azithromycin provide?
Slightly less active than Erythromycin against Gram-positive bacteria but substantially more active against M. (B.), Haemophilus sp., Legionella sp., Neisseria sp., Bordetella sp.,
Mycoplasma sp., and C. trachomatis
228
What are the brand names for Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Zymar, Zymaxid
229
What drug class is Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic in?
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic
230
What are the indications for Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Bacterial keratitis
230
What is the mechanism of action of Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Fluoroquinolone that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
231
What are the major contraindications for Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Hypersensitivity to quinolones
232
What are the black box warnings for Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
None
233
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
> 10% - None known, 1-10% - Conjunctivitis, Dry eyes, Eye pain, Subconjunctival hemorrhage, Tearing and burning of the eyes, Decreased visual acuity
234
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Conjunctival hemorrhage
235
What are the key counseling points for Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic?
Complete full course of therapy. Symptoms should improve within 2-3 d; if they worsen,
seek follow-up with HCP. Educate patient on proper eye drop administration.
236
What type of coverage does Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic provide?
Highly active against Aerobic, Gram-negative bacilli, especially Enterobacteriaceae. It has
poor activity against streptococci and anaerobes.
