ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards by Karrizze Basto

He introduced the concept of survival of the fittest, “antibiosis”.

Vuillemin

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“An antibiotic or antibiotic substance is a substance produced by microorganisms, which has the capacity of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other microorganisms.”

S.A. Waksman

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MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Penicillin/Cephalosphorins

Antibiotic destruction or modification

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MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Tetracyclines

Antibiotic efflux

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MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Macrolides

Alteration or replacement of targets

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MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Penicillin/Cephalosporins

Identify the enzyme activity.

Cleavage by beta-lactamase

Antibiotic destruction or modification

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MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Macrolides

Identify the enzyme activity.

rRNA methylation

Alteration or replacement of targets

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MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

Tetracyclines

Identify the enzyme activity.

Efflux by TetA

Antibiotic efflux

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TYPE OF ACTIVITY

Site of action:
Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

-Cidal or -Static

-Cidal

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TYPE OF ACTIVITY

Site of action:
Ribosomes, 50s

-Cidal or -Static

-Static

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SITE OF ACTION

Bacitracin

Cell Wall

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SITE OF ACTION

Cephalosphorins

Cell Wall

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SITE OF ACTION

Penicillins

Cell Wall

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SITE OF ACTION

Vancomycin

Cell Wall

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SITE OF ACTION

Teicoplanin

Cell Wall

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SITE OF ACTION

Amphotericin B

Cell Membrane

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SITE OF ACTION

Nystatin

Cell Membrane

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SITE OF ACTION

Polymyxins

Cell Membrane

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SITE OF ACTION

Chloramphenicol (CMC)

Ribosomes

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SITE OF ACTION

Erythromycins

50s

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SITE OF ACTION

Lincomycins

50s

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SITE OF ACTION

Pancidals

DNA/RNA

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SITE OF ACTION

Anti-cancers

DNA/RNA

Pancidals

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4-membered cyclic amide

B-lactam ring

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# B-LACTAMS B-lactam antibiotics have potent and rapid bactericidal action against bacteria in the ____ phase

Growth

# PENICILLINS First biosynthetic penicillin

Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Pen V)

# PENICILLINS Earliest known antibiotic (historical prototype)

Benzyl penicillin (Pen G)

# PENICILLINS Commercial source of penicillin

Penicillium chrysogenum

# PENICILLINS Source of penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming

Penicillium notatum

# PENICILLINS Pen G Sodium units

1667 units

# PENICILLINS Pen G Procaine units

1009 units

# PENICILLINS Pen G Potassium units

1530 units

# PENICILLINS Antidote for penicillin anaphylaxis

Epinephrine

# PENICILLINS Hepatotoxic penicillin

Isoxazoyl penicillin

# PENICILLINS How can penicillin cause adverse effect?

Open beta lactam ring -> Reactive Penicilloyl group

# PENICILLINS Two penicillins in repository (depot) form

1. Procaine 2. Benzathine

# PENICILLINS Anti-pseudomonal penicillins

1. Carboxy 2. Ureido

# PENICILLINS Penicillinase-sensitive, acid sensitive

1. Pen G 2. Mezlocillin 3. Carbenicillin 4. Ticarcillin 5. Piperacillin | G MEZ CAR TI PIP

# PENICILLINS Penicillinase-sensitive, acid resistant

1. Pen V 2. Ampicillin 3. Amoxicillin

# PENICILLINS Penicillinase-resistant, acid sensitive

Methicillin

# PENICILLINS Penicillinase-resistant, acid resistant

1. Oxacillin 2. Cloxacillin 3. Dicloxacillin | Isoxazoyl penicillins

# PENICILLINS Nafcillin | acid resistant or acid sensitive

Acid Resistant

# PENICILLINS 2nd synthetic, can cause interstitial nephritis

Methicillin

# PENICILLINS Type of penicillins with narrow spectrum of activity and active against G+ cocci

Penicillinase-resistant

# PENICILLINS Isostere of carbenicillin that has greater potency against P. aeruginosa & Bacteroides

Ticarcillin

# PENICILLINS Carboxypenicillins for UTI | Extended spectrum penicillins

Carbenicillin (Disodium and Indanyl sodium salts)

# PENICILLINS Acylureidopenicillins | Extended spectrum penicillins

1. Mezlocillin 2. Piperacillin

# PENICILLINS Macrolides used as penicillin substitute

1. Erythromycin 2. Clarithromycin | For G(+)

# PENICILLINS Quinolones used as penicillin substitute

1. Ciprofloxacin 2. Lovofloxacin | For G(+)

# PENICILLINS Other penicillin substitutes

1. Fusidic acid 2. Rifampicin 3. Clindamycin | For G(+)

# PENICILLINS Used as penicillin substitute for serious infections

Glycopeptides

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS B-lactamase inhibitors are known as ____.

Suicide Substrates

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS Have a heteroatom (S,O) leaving group at position 1

Class 1 β-lactamase inhibitors

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS Clavulanic Acid + ____ | Penicillin

Amoxicillin | Co-Amoxiclav

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS Sulbactam + ____ | Penicillin

Ampicillin | Sultamicillin

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS Tazobactam + ____

Piperacillin | Piptaz

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS Imipenem / Cilastatin inhibits ____

DPH-1 | Dehydropeptidase 1

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS 2nd Generation Carbapenems

1. Meropenem 2. Biapenem

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS N-formimidoylthienamycin

Imipenem

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS Used for septicemia or sepsis

Imipenem

# B-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS ____ has the largest/broadest spectrum of activity and has no cross sensitivity with other beta lactamases.

Imipenem

# MONOBACTAMS Monobactams began with the independent isolation of ____.

Sulfazecin

# MONOBACTAMS Monobactams have synergistic effect with ____

Aminoglycosides | Penicillin increase entry

# MONOBACTAMS Relatively resistant to beta-lactamases and active against Gram ____ rods

(-)

# MONOBACTAMS Orally active

Tigemonam

# MONOBACTAMS Poor oral bioavailability and relatively non-toxic

Aztreonam

# MONOBACTAMS Monobactam interaction with static drugs

Antagonism

# MONOBACTAMS Monobactam interaction with probenecid

Potentiation | Inhibits renal excretion of penicillin

# CEPHALOSPORINS Steroid with minimal antibacterial activity | THREE PRINCIPAL ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS

Cephalosporin P1

# CEPHALOSPORINS Gram Negative > Gram Positive | THREE PRINCIPAL ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS

Cephalosporin N (Penicillin N)

# CEPHALOSPORINS Dihydrothiazine ring | THREE PRINCIPAL ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS

Cephalosporin C

# CEPHALOSPORINS Cephalosphorins can be pyrogenic if administered ____.

IV/IM

# CEPHALOSPORINS 3 Disulfiram-ike cephalosphorins with bleeding problems (warfarin-like)

1. Cefamandole 2. Cefotetan 3. Cefoperazone

# CEPHALOSPORINS 1st generation cephalosphorins have the highest activity against ____.

Gram (+)

# CEPHALOSPORINS 4th generation cephalosphorins have the highest activity against ____.

Gram (-)

# CEPHALOSPORINS Generations of cephalosphorins that do not cross the BBB | Identify the generation.

1st, 2nd

# CEPHALOSPORINS Inactive against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) caused by staph bacteria | Identify the generation.

1st

# CEPHALOSPORINS PEcK * Proteus mirabilis * Escherichia coli (E. coli) * Klebsiella pneumoniae | Identify the generation.

1st

# CEPHALOSPORINS HENPEcK * Haemophilus influenza (H. influenza) * Enterobacteriaceae * Neisseria spp. | Identify the generation.

2nd

# CEPHALOSPORINS Active against Citrobacter, Providencia | Identify the generation.

3rd

# CEPHALOSPORINS HENPEcKSSS * Shigella * Salmonella * Serratia | Identify the generation.

3rd

# CEPHALOSPORINS More resistant to hydrolysis by chromosomal beta-lactamase | Identify the generation.

4th

# CEPHALOSPORINS PESS * Pseudomonas aeruginosa * Enterobacter * Staphylococcus aureus * Staphylococcal pneumoniae | Identify the generation.

4th

# CEPHALOSPORINS ESKAPE * Enterococcus faecium * Staphylococcus aureus * Klebsiella pneumonia * Acinetobacter baumannii * Pseudomonas aeruginosa * Enterobacter spp. | Identify the generation.

5th

# CEPHALOSPORINS Cephalosphorins has cross sensitivity with ____.

Penicillins

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES First aminoglycoside antibiotic to be in chemotherapy

Streptomycin

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES 2 adverse effects of aminoglycosides

1. Nephrotoxic 2. Ototoxic | AmiNOglycosides

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Bacteriostatic MOA of aminoglycosides

30s ribosome binding

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Bacteriocidal MOA of aminoglycosides

misreading of mRNA

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Aminoglycosides are mainly used to treat nosocomial infections and against gram ____ bacteria

(-)

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Neuromuscular blockade by aminooglycosides can be managed by ____ and ____.

Calcium gluconate and Neostigmine

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Aminooglycosides have ____ effect with Beta-Lactams

Synergistic

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Aminooglycosides have ____ effect with CMC

Antagonistic

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Streptomycin | Identify the source.

Streptomyces griseus

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Neomycin | Identify the source.

Streptomyces fradiae

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Paromomycin | Identify the source.

Streptomyces rimosus

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Kanamycin | Identify the source.

Streptomyces kanamyceticus

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Tobramycin | Identify the source.

Streptomyces tenebrarius

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Gentamicin | Identify the source.

Micromonospora purpurea

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES First anti-TB antibiotic

Streptomycin

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Anti-amebic

Paromycin

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES For Bacillary Dysentery

Kanamycin

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Most active nebramycin useful for conjuctivity

Tobramycin

# AMINOGLYCOSIDES Gentamycin dosing: 5 or 7mg/kg (____ nomogram)

Hartford

# TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines are isolated from ____.

Streptomyces spp.

# TETRACYCLINES Short-acting Tetracyclines

1. Tetracycline 2. Oxytetracycline | TO-S

# TETRACYCLINES Intermediate-acting Tetracyclines

1. Limecycline 2. Demelocycline | L-I-D

# TETRACYCLINES Long-acting Tetracyclines

1. Doxycycline 2. Minocycline | L-DM

# TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines are ____. | -static or -cidal

-Static

# TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines are derivatives of ____.

Octahydronaphthacene

# TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines can chelate except ____.

Doxycycline

# TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines can cause ____ in children. | Contraindicated for children under 7 years old.

Hypoplasia

# TETRACYCLINES MOA of tetracyclines

30s binding

# TETRACYCLINES Eradication of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal meningococcal carrier

Minocycline

# TETRACYCLINES For gonococcal infection

Doxycycline

# TETRACYCLINES For chronic hyponatremia in SIADH

Demelocycline

# TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines are used as prophylaxis for ____. | Doxycycline or Minocycline

Acne

# TETRACYCLINES Tetracyclines are drugs of choice for ____, ____, and ____.

1. Mycoplasma pneumonia 2. Chlamydia 3. Rickettsial infections

Class of antibiotics which has a large lactone ring, ketone group, and glycosidically-linked amino sugar

Macrolides

# MACROLIDES MOA of macrolides

50s binding

# MACROLIDES Macrolides are isolated from ____.

Actinomyces

# MACROLIDES Macrolides has the same spectrum of activity as ____ and is - ____ at high doses.

Penicillins, -cidal

# MACROLIDES Inactivated by gastric acid

Erythromycin

# MACROLIDES For Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and H. pylori

Clarithromycin

# MACROLIDES Co-drug of choice for chlamydia | + Tetracylines (Doxycycline)

Azithromycin

# MACROLIDES Sulfur-containing macrolide

Lincomycin

# MACROLIDES Macrolides can cause arrhythmia when taken with ____ and ____.

1. Terfenadine 2. Astemizole

# POLYPEPTIDES Polypeptides are the most powerful bactericidal antibiotics characterized by the presence of sever ____ linkages

– CONH

# POLYPEPTIDES 2 adverse effects of polypeptides

1. Neurotoxicity 2. Nephrotoxicity

# POLYPEPTIDES Drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis (PO)

Vancomycin

# POLYPEPTIDES Adverse effect of vancomycin that is characterized by flushing due to histamine release caused by rapid infusion

"Red man" Syndrome | Na-experience ni sir

# POLYPEPTIDES Source of vancomycin

Strep. orientalis

# POLYPEPTIDES MOA of vancomycin

Cell wall synthesis inhibition | Dala-D-ala terminus

# POLYPEPTIDES Mechanism of resistance of vancomycin

Replacement of terminal D-ala with d-lactate

# POLYPEPTIDES Teicoplanin is from ____.

Actinoplanes teichomyceticus

# POLYPEPTIDES MOA of teicoplanin

Cell wall synthesis inhibition | peptidoglycan layer

# POLYPEPTIDES Bacitracin is isolated from ____.

Bacillus subtillis

# POLYPEPTIDES Bacitracin has enhanced activity with ____. | Topical only

Zinc

# POLYPEPTIDES Polymyxin B is isolated from ____.

Bacillus polymyxa

# POLYPEPTIDES Colistin is isolated from ____.

Aerobacillus colistinus

# POLYPEPTIDES Gramicidin A is isolated from ____.

Bacillus brevis

# UNCLASSIFIED Drug of choice for typhoid fever

Chloramphenicol

# UNCLASSIFIED MOA of chloramphenicol

50s inhibition

# UNCLASSIFIED Chloramphenicol has a ____ group used for broad spectrum, life-threatening infections.

Nitro

# UNCLASSIFIED Chloramphenicol can cause ____ in infants.

Gray baby syndrome (cyanosis)

# UNCLASSIFIED MOA of mupirocin | Topical

Interference with RNA and protein synthesis

# UNCLASSIFIED MOA of linezolid

Protein synthesis inhibition | 30S and 70S binding

# UNCLASSIFIED MOA of fosfomycin tromethamine

NAM synthesis inhibition

# UNCLASSIFIED Analog of PEP that is used for uncomplicated UTI for female only | PEP = female

Fosfomycin tromethamine

# UNCLASSIFIED MOA of Quinupristin (Dalfopristin)

50s binding

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy

1. Aminoglycosides 2. Clarithromycin 3. Erythromycin estolate 4. TCNs | ACET

ANTIBIOTICS Flashcards

(151 cards)