ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
The study of structures, properties, composition, reactions, and preparations of carbon-containing compounds.
A
Organic Chemistry
2
Q
Theory that states that only living things are capable of producing organic compounds.
A
Vital Force Theory
3
Q
Occurence that disproved the vital force theory wherein ammonium was converted to ammonia then to ____.
A
Urea
4
Q
C-H and C-C bonds are ____.
Polar or Non-polar
A
Non-polar
Poorly soluble in water
5
Q
Carbon bonded with N, O, and S are ____.
Polar or Non-polar
A
Polar
Soluble in water
6
Q
Carbon that contains four different functional groups.
A
Assymetrical/Chiral Carbon/Center
7
Q
Bond that involves sharing of electrons
A
Covalent Bond
8
Q
Bond that involves transfer of electrons
A
Ionic Bond
9
Q
List the diatomic elements.
A
- Hydrogen (H)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Oxygen (O)
- Fluorine (F)
- Chlorine (Cl)
- Bromine (Br)
- Iodine (I)
HON + 4-INE
10
Q
Same element in different forms
A
Allotropes
11
Q
An organic bond represents ____.
a. transfer of electrons
b. a pair of shared electrons
A
b. a pair of shared electrons
12
Q
The melting and boiling points of organic compounds are ____.
High or Low
A
Low
13
Q
Organic compounds consisting of straight chains of saturated carbon atoms are called _____.
A
Aliphatic
14
Q
Organic cyclic ring with an atom other than carbon
A
Heterocyclic
15
Q
Property of some usually unstable organic molecules such as benzene; Have an extremely high resonance energy undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have delocalized pi-electrons.
A
Aromaticity
16
Q
General formula for alkanes
A
C(n)H(2n+2)
17
Q
General formula for alkynes
A
C(n)H(2n-2)
18
Q
General formula for cycloalkenes
A
C(n)H(2n-2)
19
Q
General formula for cycloalkynes
A
C(n)H(2n-4)
20
Q
General formula for alkenes
A
C(n)H(2n)
21
Q
General formula for cycloalkanes
A
C(n)H(2n)
22
Q
Alkanes are ____ hydrocarbons.
Saturated or Unsaturated
A
Saturated
23
Q
Alkanes float in water because they have a density of ____.
A
Less than 1
24
Q
PHASES
Alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms
A
Gas
25
# PHASES
Alkanes with 5-16 carbon atoms
Liquid
26
# PHASES
Alkanes with 17 and more carbon atoms
Solid
27
Alkanes are also called ____ which means little affinity.
Paraffins
| "Parum Affins"
28
The two most important reactions of alkanes are ____ and ____.
Combustion, Halogenation
29
Complete combustion produces ____ and ____.
Carbon Dioxide and Water
30
Incomplete combustion produces ____.
Carbon Monoxide
31
Branched HC has ____ boiling point than straight chain or nHC.
Lower
| Branching = Decreased Van Der Waals forces
32
3 Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons that are used as local anesthetics
1. Chloro**ethane**
2. Chloro**methane**
3. Chloro**form**
33
4 Polyhalogenated hydrocarbons that are used as insecticides
1. DDT
2. Chlordane
3. Kepone
4. Lindane
34
Sometimes referred to as acetylenes
Alkynes
35
Alkenes are also called ____ or ____.
Ethylene, Olefins
36
This is used for artificial ripening of fruits.
Ethylene
37
____ are used as fu**e**ls and anti-knock fu**e**ls.
Alk**e**nes
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Benzene ring + CH3
Toluene
39
Benzene ring + OH
Phenol
40
Benzene ring + NH2
Aniline
41
Benzene ring + CN
Benzonitrile
42
Benzene ring + CHO
Benzaldehyde
43
Benzene ring + COOH
Benzoic Acid
44
Benzene ring + CH3-C=O
Acetophenone
45
Benzene ring + CH=CH2
Styrene
46
Benzene ring + CH3 + CH3
Ortho-xylene
47
Test for the presence of cyanide group
Picrate Paper Test/Hager's Test
48
Characterized the six-member aromatic ring
August Kekule
49
Test for the measure of unsaturation
Bayer's Test
50
Test for the measure of unsaturation that produces a colorless solution
Bromine Test
| Colorless = Unsaturated
51
Test for tannins
Ferric Chloride Test
52
**Friedel-Craft Test:**
____ + aromatic compounds -> ____ (catalyst) -> ____ (Brightly-colored Product)
* Chloroform
* Aluminum Chloride
* Triarylmethane
53
Bromination is also called ____.
Halogenation
54
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Ethene converted to ethane with H2, heat, and Ni catalyst
Hydrogenation
55
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Ethene converted to alcohol with H2O (steam)
Hydration
56
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Alkane converted to alkene using heat and catalyst
Cracking
57
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Ethanol converted to carboxylic acid via fermentation or acidified potassium permanganate
Oxidation
58
Yeast contains ____ enzymes, which converts carbohydrates (glucose) into ethanol + CO2 in wine making.
Zymase
59
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of a hydrogen halide
Hydrohalogenation
60
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of hydrogen
Hydrogenation
61
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of a halogen
Halogenation
62
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Addition of water
Hydration
63
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Replacing a hydrogen
Substitution
64
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Burning in oxygen
Combustion
65
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Joining unsaturated molecules together
Polymerization
66
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Adding atoms
Addition
67
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation ____ both oxygen and electrons and ____ hydrogen.
| Increases or Decreases
Increase, Decrease
68
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation of primary alcohol produces ____.
Aldehyde
69
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation of aldehyde produces ____.
Carboxylic Acid
70
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Oxidation of secondary alcohol produces ____.
Ketone
71
# REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS
Reduction ____ electron and oxygen and ____ hydrogen.
| Increases or Decreases
Decreases, Increases
72
Most common toxicity associated with aniline
Hepatotoxicity
73
CH3CH2COOCH3 is what type of organic compound
Ester
74
Two dehydrated carboxylic acid
Acid anhydride
75
CH3CH2COCH2CH3 is what type of organic compound
Ketone
76
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-O-R
Ether
77
# GENERAL FORMULA
Ar-OH
Phenol
78
# GENERAL FORMULA
C=C–OH
Enol
79
# GENERAL FORMULA
R2-C=NR
Imine
80
# GENERAL FORMULA
O=C–N–C=O
Imide
81
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-CHO
Aldehyde
82
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-R
Ketone
83
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-NH2
Amine
84
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-COOH
Carboxylic Acid
85
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-X
Acid Halide
86
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-NH2
Acid Amide
87
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-CO-O-CO-R'
Acid Anhyride
88
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-COOR'
Ester
89
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-NO2
Nitro
90
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-N=O
Nitroso
91
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-CN
Nitrile (Cyanide)
92
# GENERAL FORMULA
-(N+)N
Diazo
93
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-NHNH2
Hydrazino
94
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-SH
Mercaptan (Thiol)
95
# GENERAL FORMULA
R-S-R
Thioether
96
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
1 Carbon
Form-
97
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
2 Carbons
Acet-
98
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
5 Carbons
Valer-
99
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
6 Carbons
Capro-
100
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
7 Carbons
Enanth-
101
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
8 Carbons
Capryl-
102
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
9 Carbons
Pelargon-
103
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
10 Carbons
Capr-
104
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
3 Carbons
Propion-
105
# TRIVIAL ROOTS
4 Carbons
Butyr-
106
Organic compounds having the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas are called ____.
Isomers
107
# ISOMERS
Isomers with different atom to atom bonding sequencing
Constitutional or Structural Isomers
108
# ISOMERS
Compounds that differ in the arrangement of carbons
Chain/Skeletal Isomers
109
# ISOMERS
Isomers that differ in the position of a non-carbon group
Positional Isomers
110
# ISOMERS
Isomers that differ in the functional group (same formula, different structures)
Functional Isomers
111
# ISOMERS
2-pentanol and 3-pentanol are ____ isomers.
Positional
112
# ISOMERS
Same formula, different connectivity
Constitutional or Structural Isomers
113
# ISOMERS
Same formula and connectivity, different arrangement
Stereoisomers
114
# ISOMERS
Mirror images
Enantiomers/Enantiomorphs
115
# ISOMERS
Not mirror images
Diastereomers
116
# ISOMERS
Compounds that can be interconverted by the breaking of chemical bond
Configurational or Inversional Isomers
117
# ISOMERS
Interconvert easily at room temperature through rotation about single bond
Conformational Isomers
118
# ISOMERS
Rotate the plane polarized light in the opposite direction
Enantiomers/Enantiomorphs
119
# ISOMERS
Enantiomers differ from one another in ____.
Spatial Configuration
120
# ISOMERS
Differ from each other in the orientation of atoms/groups on a carbon-carbon double bond or in a ring
Geometric Isomers
| (Cis-Trans)
121
# OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Substance rotates polarized light to the left
Levorotatory (-)
122
# OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Substance rotates polarized light to the right
Dextrorotatory (+)
123
# OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Equipment that measures optical activity
Polarimeter
124
Determines R or S designation of enantiomers
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog System
125
The only amino acid that has no chiral center.
Glycine
126
Diastereomers that differ only in the position of moieties at the first carbon atom
Anomers
127
Isomers that differ from each other in the position of a hydrogen
| Thus, rearranging the bond
Tautomers
128
Most abundant organic substance on earth
Cellulose
129
Alpha-beta structures
Anomers
130
Molecules are superimposable on their mirror images, even though they contain chiral centers
Meso Compound
131
Mixture of equimolar concentration of enantiomers in a solution
Racemic Mixture
132
Form of thalidomide that is a good analgesic and anti-motion sickness
R-enantiomer
133
Form of thalidomide that is a teratogen and causes phocomelia
| Also being investigated as an anti-cancer drug
S-enantiomer
134
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Disappearance of orange
| TEST FOR UNSATURATION
Bromine Water Test
135
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Decolorization of pink
| TEST FOR UNSATURATION
Bayer's Test
136
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium metal test
| TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Effervescence
137
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Esterification
| TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Fruity odor
138
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Red color
| TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Ceric Ammonium Bitrate test
| CAB Test
139
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
White fumes
| TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Acetyl Chloride
140
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Iodoform Test
| TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Yellow ppt
141
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Lucas test
| TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
Cloudiness in solution
142
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Litmus test
| TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Blue litmus paper turns red
143
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Ferric Chloride test
| TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Violet color
144
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Deep blue or green color
| TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Leibermanns’s Test
| For Cholesterol
145
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Pink color in alkali solution
| TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUPS
Phthalein Dye Test
146
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Yellow or orange crystals
| TEST FOR ALDEHYDE AND KETONE GROUPS
2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine test
147
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium bisulfite test
| TEST FOR ALDEHYDE AND KETONE GROUPS
White crystalline ppt
148
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Pink color
| TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
Schiff’s test
149
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Tollen’s test
| TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
Silver mirror
| Liberation of elemental silver
150
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Fehling’s test
| TEST FOR ALDEHYDE
Red ppt
| Reduction from cupric to cuprous
151
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Violet color that disappears
| TEST FOR KETONES
m-Dinitrobenzene test
152
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium Nitroprusside test
| TEST FOR KETONES
Red color
153
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Sodium Bicarbonate test
| TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP
Formation of gas
154
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Fruity odor
| TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP
Esterification
155
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Blue paper turns red
| TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC GROUP
Litmus test
156
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Litmus test
| TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Red litmus paper turns to blue
157
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Solubility test
| TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Soluble in acid
158
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Carbylamine test
| TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Unpleasant odor
159
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Azo Dye test
| TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Red color
160
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Nitrous Acid test
| TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Liberation of gas;
Yellow oily layer
161
# TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Hinsberg test
| TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
Formation of ppt
162
Produces the fruity odor during esterification
Ethyl Acetate
163
The bubbles during effervescence are caused by ____.
Carbon Dioxide
164
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for alcholic group.
1. Sodium metal test
2. Esterification
3. Ceric Ammonium Bitrate test
4. Iodoform Test
5. Acetyl Chloride
6. Lucas test
| SECI**AL** = **AL**COHOL
165
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for unsaturation.
1. **Ba**yer’s Test
2. **B**romine Water test
| BAB**U** = Unsaturation
166
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for phenolic groups.
1. **Fer**ric Chloride test
2. **L**eibermanns’s Test
3. **Li**tmus test
4. **Ph**thalein Dye Test
| FERLLI**PH** = **Ph**enolic
167
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for aldehyde and ketone groups.
1. 2,4-**Di**nitro**p**henyl hydrazine test
2. **So**dium **b**isulfite test
| DIPSOBALK
168
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for aldehyde.
1. **Feh**ling’s test
2. **S**chiff’s test
3. **To**llen’s test
| AL FEHSTO
169
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for ketones.
1. **So**dium **N**itroprusside test
2. m-**Din**trobenzene test
| S**ON**DIN = Ket**on**e
170
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for amino group.
1. **Azo** Dye test
2. **Sol**ubility test
3. **N**itrous **A**cid test
4. **Car**bylamine test
5. **L**itmus test
6. **H**insberg test
| ASol NA Car LH
171
# TESTS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Enumerate the tests for carboxylic group.
1. **So**dium **B**icarbonate test
2. **E**sterification
3. **Lit**mus test
| SO B ELIT
