Antibiotics Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Penicillins
A
Benzylpenicillin, Amoxicillin,
Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid
2
Q
Cephalosporins
A
Cefazolin,Ceftriaxone,Ceftazidime
3
Q
Glycopeptides
A
Vancomycin
4
Q
Tetracycline
A
Doxycycline
5
Q
Macrolides
A
Azythromycin,Clarytyromycin
6
Q
Lincosamide
A
Clindamycin
7
Q
Aminoglycoside
A
Gentamicin,Tobramycin
8
Q
Rifamycins
A
Rifampicin
9
Q
Fluoroquinolones
A
Ciprafloxacin
10
Q
Nitromidazoles
A
Metronidazole
11
Q
Sulphanilamide
A
Sulfamethoxazole/Trimetoprim
12
Q
Nitrofurans
A
Nitrofurantoin
13
Q
Bacteriostatic
A
Sops or interrupt the growth of bacteria
14
Q
Pseudomembranous colitis
A
Inflammation of colon associated with proliferation of gram positive c difficile, usually by use of wide range of antibiotics
15
Q
Antibacterial acting on cell wall( peptidoglycan synthesis)
A
Beta lactams: penicillin, cephalosporins,carbapenems,monobactams
16
Q
Protein synthesis inhibitors
A
30 s inhibitor: Aminoglycoside, Tetracycline
50 s inhibitor:Cholramphenicol, Clindamycin
17
Q
Membrane integrity affecting antibiotic
A
Polymyxin b
18
Q
Antibiotics affecting nucleic acid synthesis
A
Fluoroquinolones, Metronidazole, Rifamycins
19
Q
Antibiotics affecting metabolic pathway ( folate)
A
Sulfonamides, Trimetoprim
20
Q
Antibiotics mechanism of action:
A
1.inhibition of bacterial cells wall synthesis
2.inhibitionnof bacterial ribosomal protein synthesis
3.inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
4.infulrnce of bacterial cells membrane
5.selective influence of bacterial metabolism
21
Q
Inhibition of bacterial cells wall biosynthesis happens through
A
1.inactivates transpeptidase or penicillin binding proteins
2.Blocks D alanyl D alanine glycopeptides
22
Q
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis is done by
A
Fluoroquinolones, rifamycins, nitrofurans, nitromidazoles
23
Q
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis by fluoroquinolones through action :
A
Inhibition of topoisomerase 2( DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase 4
24
Q
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis by rifamycins through action:
A
Inhibition of DNA dependent RNA polymerase
25
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis by nitrofurans and nitromidazoles acts through
Action of free radicals
26
Influence of bacterial cells membrane by polymyxin done through
Enhancing cell membrane permeability
27
Influence of bacterial metabolism by sulphanamide is done by
Competitive antagonism with PABA and inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase
28
Bacterial metabolism is influenced by
Trimetoprim
29
Gram positive bacteria have ---- that attach to host and are toxic
Teichoic acid
30
Gram - ve bacteria have endotoxin called
Lipopolysaccharide
31
Beta lactams antibiotics are ineffective against
Microorganisms that lack peptidoglycan like mycobacterium,protozoa
32
Beta lactam antibiotics resemble ----- of transpeptidase
D ala D ala substrate
33
Bacterial metabolism is influenced by Trimetoprim through
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase
34
First gen penicillin
Benzylpenicillin ( penicillin G), Phenoxymethylpenicillin ( penicillin V)
35
Benzylpenicillin and Phenoxymethylpenicillin action
Inhibition of bacterial cells wall biosynthesis,inhibition of transpeptidase,bacteriocidal effect
36
Use of first gen penicillin ( benzylpenicillin and Phenoxymethylpenicillin)
Treatment of benzylpenicillin or Phenoxymethylpenicillin sensitive gram positive and gram negative bacterial infection such as bacterial meningitis,syphilis( Benzylpenicillin) or tonsillopharyngitis( Phenoxymethylpenicillin)
37
First gen penicillin is
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
38
Side effects of first gen penicillin ( benzylpenicillin and Phenoxymethylpenicillin)
Hypersensitivity ( anaphylaxis,Quince's edema, urticaria)
39
3 rd gen penicillin
Amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
40
3 rd gen penicillin ( amoxicillin and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid)is
Broad spectrum antibiotics
41
3 rd gen penicillin ( Amoxicillin and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid) action
Inhibition of bacterial wall biosynthesis inhibition of transpeptidase, bacteriocidal effect
42
Clinical use of 3 rd gen penicillin ( amoxicillin and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid)
Treatment of amoxicillin sensitive gram positive and gram negative bacterial infections,for example pneumonia,acute otitis media, sinusitis, cystitis
43
Side effects of 3 rd gen penicillin ( amoxicillin and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid)
Hypersensitive ( anaphylaxis, Quince's edema, urticaria)
44
Cephalosporins action
Inhibition of bacterial wall biosynthesis, inhibition of transpeptidase, bacteriocidal effect
45
First gen cephalosporins
Cefazolin ( narrow spectrum AB)
46
Clavulanic acid
Beta lactamase inhibitor
47
Cephalosporins generations
5
48
Penicillin generations
6
49
Third gen cephalosporins
Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime ( broad-spectrum AB)
50
Cephalosporins use
Treatment of cephalosporins sensitive gram positive and negative bacterial infections, first gen - prevention of surgical infections,3 rd gen more active against gram negative bacteria eg: bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, peritonitis,gonorrhea
51
Cephalosporins side effects
Hypersensitivity,pseudolithiasis( cephalosporins metabolism)
52
What spectrum of AB is vancomycin ( glycopeptides)
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
53
Glycopeptides ( vancomycin) action
Inhibition of bacterial cells wall synthesis,Blocks D alanyl D alanine, bacteriocidal effect
54
Clinical use of glycopeptides ( vancomycin)
Gram positive bacterial infections,MRSA pneumonia,Sepsis ( 4 use), clostridium difficult infection ( peroral administration)
55
Side effects of glycopeptides ( vancomycin)
Hypersensitivity reaction - red man syndrome, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
56
Red man syndrome
10 min after IV bolus administration of vancomycin, erythematosus rash develops in upper body .It induced release of histamine from mast cells
57
Chloramphenicol action
Binds to 50s subunit of ribosome and inhibits formation of peptide bond
58
Macrolides and clindamycin action
Blocks polypeptide exit tunnel of 50 s and prevent peptide chain elongation
59
Tetracycline action
Bind to 30 s and interfere with binding of T RNA to ribosomal complex
60
Aminoglycoside action
Bind to 30 s and causes mRNA codon to misread,interfere with the initiation complex of 30 s and 50 s with mRNA
61
Binding of macrolides,lincosamide,amphenicols and Tetracycline to ribosomal subunit is reversible or irreversible ?
Reversible
62
Macrolides ( Azythromycin and Clarytyromycin) are ------- spectrum antibiotics
Broad
63
Macrolides ( azythromycin and clathromycin) action
Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis - bacteriocidal effect
64
Clinical use of macrolides ( azythromycin and Clarythromycin)
Treatment of macrolide susceptible bacterial infections like respiratory tract infection ( pneumonia), Clarythromycin - legionellosis,
H.pylori infection
65
Side effects of azythromycin and Clarythromycin
QT prolongation
66
Interactions of microlides( azythromycin and Clarythromycin)
Inhibition of CYP 450 enzymes by Clarythromycin
67
Eradication scheme for H.pylori infection ( baseline regimen)
Triple therapy for 7 to 10 days with a proton pump inhibitor+ Clarythromycin+ amoxicillin or metronidazole
68
Second pass regimen for H . pylori eradication
Quadruple therapy for 10 to 14 days with
Proton pump inhibitor + tetracycline+ metronidazole+ bismuth subsalicylate or subcitrate
69
Lincosamide (. clindamycin) action
A broad spectrum antibiotic which inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis,has bacteriocidal effect
70
Use of clindamycin ( lincosamide)
Treatment of clindamycin susceptible bacterial infections,eg: osteomyelitis, bacterial vaginosis,acne vulgaris
71
Side effects of clindamycin ( lincosamide)
Pseudomembranous colitis
72
Tetracycline ( Doxycycline) action
Broad spectrum antibiotics,inhibits ribosomal protein synthesis - bacteriostatic effect
73
Clinical use of tetracycline ( Doxycycline)
Treatment of D sensitive gram negative and positive bacterial infection eg: Lyme disease,chamydiosis
74
Side effects of tetracycline ( Doxycycline)
Damage to bone and tooth enamel
75
Contraindications of tetracycline (Doxycycline)
Children under age 8, pregnant women
76
Interactions of tetracycline ( Doxycycline)
Antacids reduce absorption of tetracycline,It forms chelated with calcium, magnesium and iron( 2 HR gap recommended)
77
Photosensitive antibiotics are
Tetracycline,quinoline,sulfanylamides
78
Aminoglycoside ( Gentamicin and Tobramycin) action
Broad spectrum antibiotics, irreversible attachment to 30 s ribosomal subunit,inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis - bacteriocidal effect
79
Clinical use of aminoglycoside ( gentamicin and Tobramycin)
Treatment of gram negative bacteria caused infections sensitive to aminoglycoside ( less active against gram positive bacteria),sepsis,intra abdominal infections, Tobramycin - eye drops for bacterial eye infections
80
Side effects of aminoglycoside ( gentamicin and Tobramycin)
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade, teratogenicity
81
Interactions of aminoglycoside ( gentamicin and Tobramycin)
Use of loop diuretics increase risk of ototoxicity
82
Antibiotics particularly active against gram negative microbes
Aminoglycoside, ciprafloxacin, monobactams
83
Rifamycins ( rifampicin) action
Narrow spectrum antibiotics ( inhibition of DNA dependent RNA polymerase - bacteriocidal effect)
84
Clinical use of rifamycins ( rifampicin)
Hepatotoxicity,cholesteric jaundice, saliva,sputum,tears and urine turns orange during therapy
85
Interactions of rifamycins ( rifampicin)
Affects CYP 450 enzymes, extensive interactions with many drugs
86
Rapid development of bacterial resistance is observed during ----- therapy
Rifampicin
87
Fluoroquinolones ( ciprafloxacin - 2 Nd gen) action
Broad spectrum,inhibition of topoisomerase 2 and 4,inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis,bacteriocidal effect
88
Clinical use of fluoroquinolones ( ciprafloxacin)
Treatment of ciprafloxacin sensitive gram positive and negative bacteria like pneumonia, pyelonephritis, bacterial travellers diarrhea
89
Side effects of fluoroquinolones ( ciprafloxacin)
QT prolongation, risk of aortic aneurysm and delamination, tendinitis/ Achilles tendon rupture, photosensitivity,risk of hypoglycemia, peripheral neuropathy,risk of seizures
90
Contraindications for fluoroquinolones ( ciprafloxacin)
Children under 18 years of age ( cartilage toxicity, joint edema), pregnant women
91
Interactions of fluoroquinolones ( ciprafloxacin)
With QT prolongation drugs,group 1 a and 3 antiarrhythmics, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, macrolides,antacids reduce absorption
92
Nitrofurans ( nitrofurantoin) action
RNA and DNA destruction caused by free radicals - bacteriostatic effect - uroantiseptic agent, it reaches therapeutic concentration only in urine,so not suitable for complicated urinary tract infections
93
94
Clinical use of nitrofurans ( nitrofurantoin)
Treatment of nitrofurans sensitive gram positive and negative bacterial infections like uncomplicated cystitis
95
Side effects of nitrofurans ( nitrofurantoin)
Functional abnormalities of GIT,urine may turn brown during nitrofurantoin therapy
96
Nitromidazoles ( metronidazole) action
Anti protozoal and antibacterial agent,Due to formation of metronidazole toxic metabolite and free radicals,inhibition of bacterial and unicellular DNA synthesis occurs,as well as destruction of existing DNA ,protozoic and bacteriocidal effect
97
Clinical use of metronidazole ( nitromidazoles)
Trichomoniasis,amoebiasis,lambliosis,H.pylori infection,cl.difficile infection,gardnerellosis,intra abdominal infections such as peritonitis
98
Side effects of metronidazole ( nitroimidazoles)
Neurological disorders, metallic taste,urine may turn reddish brown during metronidazole therapy
99
Interactions of metronidazole ( nitromidazoles)
Ethanol disulfiram like reaction ( inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase)
100
Sulfanilamide ( sulfamethoxazole) action
Dihydropteroate synthetase inhibition,PABA antagonist
101
Trimetoprim action
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
102
Combination of Trimetoprim and sulfamethoxazole
Co- trimoxazole
103
Clinical use of Co trimoxazole
Urinary tract infections susceptible to co-trimoxazole such as uncomplicated urethristis, cystitis
Respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, pneumocystis infection
GIT infection such as shigellosis, travellers diarrhea
104
Side effects of co trimoxazole
Hypersensitivity of varying intensity ( Steven Johnson syndrome), hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity ( risk of crystalluria), Photosensitivity, hyperkalemia, Trimetoprim should be used with caution in patients with folate deficiency
105
Pneumocystis infection
Fungal infection in AIDS patients who are resistant to classical antifungals
106
In monotherapy sulfamethoxazole and Trimetoprim acts as
Bacteriostatics
