Antibiotics

Question 1

What types of antibiotics are there?

Answer 1

• inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
• inhibitors of cell membrane
• inhibitors of protein synthesis
• inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
• antimetabolites

Question 2

Prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan by binding to enzyme r/c sites

Answer 2

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

Question 3

Types of antibiotics are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

Answer 3

• penicillin and derivatives
• cephalosporins
• bacitracin
• vancomycin
• isoniazid

Question 4

What types of antibiotics are inhibitors of cell membrane

Answer 4

polymyxin B and E

Question 5

What types of antibiotics are inhibitors of protein synthesis

Answer 5

• streptomycin
• tetracycline
• chloramphenicol
• erythromycin

Question 6

What type of antibiotics are inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 6

• rifampin

- quinolones

Question 7

what type of drugs are antimetabolites?

Answer 7

sulfonamides

Question 8

What are the clinical problems associated with antibiotic use?

Answer 8

• infection continues even if symptoms subside
• affects normal flora
• microbes become resistant
• toxicity, not seen often, but possible
• sensitization: develop rashes, fever, anaphylaxis

Question 9

Penicillin

Answer 9

• inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
• Beta lactam chemical structure
• bacteria that produce enzyme beta-lactamase are resistant

Question 10

cephalosporins

Answer 10

• • inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
• Beta lactam chemical structure
• bacteria that produce enzyme beta-lactamase are resistant
• derivatives grouped into “generations” by their antimicrobial properties

Question 11

bacitracin

Answer 11

• inhibitor of cell wall synthesis

- toxic to kidneys, only used topically

Question 12

Vancomycin

Answer 12

• inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
• used initially to fight Staph aureus
• primarily used to treat systemic infections, heart valve infection too
• quite toxic- damage to kidney, nerve deafness, skin rashes, thrombophlebitis

Question 13

isoniazid

Answer 13

• inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
• inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids in cell walls of mycobacteria
• active only against mycobacteria only

Question 14

polymyxin B & E

Answer 14

• inhibitors of cell membrane
• replace Mg2+ and Ca2+ from membrane lipids disrupting the structure of the bacterial cell membrane
• quite toxic, only topical use

Question 15

streptomycin

Answer 15

• inhibitors of protein synthesis
• broad spectrum
• often used in conjuction with penicillin related antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects
• derivatives include kanamycin and gentamycin

Question 16

tetracycline

Answer 16

• inhibitors of protein synthesis
• broad spectrum, baceriostatic
• can cause photsensitivity, renal toxicity, and stains teeth particularly in young children

Question 17

chloramphenicol

Answer 17

• inhibitors of protein synthesis
• broad spectrum, bacteriostatic
• toxic, can cause aplastic anemia

Question 18

erythromycin

Answer 18

• inhibitors of protein synthesis
• broad spectrum, bacteriostatic
• often given to those allergic to penicillin
• mild toxicity

Question 19

rifampin

Answer 19

• inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
• used to treat TB in combo with other antibiotics
• not toxic

Question 20

quinolones

Answer 20

• inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
• inhibit DNA replication, bacteriocidal
• common ex: ciprofloxacin

Question 21

sulfonamides

Answer 21

• antimetabolites
• precursor to antibiotics, antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid
• inhibit folic acid synthesis
• bacteriostatic, wide spectrum
• can fight protozoa infection
• ex: dapsone- used to treat mycobacterium leprae- leprosy