Antibiotics

Question 1

What are the 3 most common classes of Beta Lactams ?

Answer 1

penicillins
caphalosporins
carbapenems

Question 2

What type of killing do B-lactams use ?

Answer 2

time dependent, bactericidal

Question 3

What is the major resistance mechanism in gram positive organisms ?

Answer 3

alteration of penicillin binding protein (PBP)

Question 4

What is the significance of efflux pumps ?

Answer 4

major resistance mechanism in all bacteria.

active transmembrane pump expels antibiotics.

Question 5

What is a major cause of resistance in gram negative bacteria ?

Answer 5

B-lactamase

Question 6

What are 2 B-lactamase inhibitors ?

Answer 6

pipercillin-tazobactam

amoxicillin-clavulanate

Question 7

what are 4 main classes of B-lactamases?

Answer 7

penicillinases
extended spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs)
cabapenamases
AmpC B-lactamases

Question 8

5 AmpC B-lactamases

Answer 8

Serratia 
Proteus/pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Citrobacter
Enterobacter

Question 9

What drug class does methicillin belong to ?

Answer 9

anti-staph penicllins

Question 10

What drug class does cloxacillin belong to ?

Answer 10

anti-staph penicillins

Question 11

What drug class does amoxicillin belong to ?

Answer 11

amino penicillins

Question 12

What drug class does ampicillin belong to ?

Answer 12

amino penicillins

Question 13

What drug class does amoxicillin-clavulanate belong to ?

Answer 13

amino penicillins

Question 14

What drug class does pipercillin-tazobactam belong to ?

Answer 14

amino penicillins

Question 15

What drug class does cephalexin (PO) belong to ?

Answer 15

1st generation cephalosporins

Question 16

What drug class does cefazolin (IV) belong to ?

Answer 16

1st generation cephalosporins

Question 17

What drug class does cefuroxime (PO) belong to?

Answer 17

2nd generation cephalosporins

Question 18

What drug class does cefixime (PO) belong to ?

Answer 18

3rd generation cephalosporins

Question 19

What drug class does ceftriaxone (IV) belong to ?

Answer 19

3rd generation cephalosporins

Question 20

What drug class does ceftazidime (IV) belong to ?

Answer 20

3rd generation cephalosporins

Question 21

What drug class does cefepime (IV) belong to ?

Answer 21

4th generation cephalosporins

Question 22

what drug class does ceftaroline belong to ?

Answer 22

5th generation cephalosporins

Question 23

what drug class does ceftolozane-tazobactam belong to ?

Answer 23

5th generation cephalosporins

Question 24

What drug class does ertapenem belong to ?

Answer 24

carbapenems

Question 25

What drug class does meropenem belong to ?

Answer 25

carbapenems

Question 26

What drug class does imipenem belong to ?

Answer 26

carbapenems

Question 27

penicillin classes from narrow to broad spectrum

Answer 27

penicillin --> anti-staph penicillins --> amino penicillins --> B-lactamase penicillins

Question 28

3 common uses for penicillin

Answer 28

group A strep sensitive strep pneumoniae syphllis (treponema pallidum)

Question 29

What is used to treat MSSA ?

Answer 29

cloxacillin

Question 30

What can be used to treat MRSA (7) ?

Answer 30

PO: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), linezolid, doxycycline, +/- clindamycin IV: vancomycin, daptomycin, ceftaroline

Question 31

What are amino penicillins commonly used to treat (3) ?

Answer 31

streptococci (strep pneumoniae) enterococcus faecalis listeria (gastroenteritis, meningitis)

Question 32

amoxicillin-clavulanate and pipercillin-tazobactam common uses (3)

Answer 32

pneumonia polymicrobial infections emperic therapy for life threatning infections

Question 33

increasing spectrum of activity for cephaolsporins?

Answer 33

1st generation --> 5th generation

Question 34

main clinical uses for 1st generation cephalosporins (2)

Answer 34

skin and soft tissue infections | surgical prophylaxis

Question 35

main clinical uses of 2nd generation cephalosporings (2)

Answer 35

haemophalis influenzae | mild CAP

Question 36

main clinical uses of 3rd generation cephalosporins (6)

Answer 36

``` gonorrhea serious infections pneumonia meningitis pyelonephritis pseudomonas ```

Question 37

main clinical uses for 4th generation cephalosporins (2)

Answer 37

nosocomial infections | neutropenic fever

Question 38

main clinical uses for 5th generation cephalosporins (2)

Answer 38

serious MRSA infections (ceftaroline) | serious EBSL infections (ceftolozane-tazobactam)

Question 39

clinical use for carbapenems

Answer 39

severe life threatning infectionsin which ESBL pathogens are likely

Question 40

What causes of pneumonia can fluoroquinolones be used to treat ?

Answer 40

mycoplasma, chlamydophila, legionella

Question 41

Which fluroquinolone is best for treating pseudomonas?

Answer 41

ciprofloxacin

Question 42

which fluoroquinolone is best for treating anaerobes ?

Answer 42

moxifloxacin

Question 43

what drug class can be used to treat TB ?

Answer 43

fluroquinolones

Question 44

clinical uses for fluoroquinolones (4)?

Answer 44

pneumonia UTI GI infections Pseudomonas

Question 45

2 common macrolides

Answer 45

clarithromycin | azithromycin

Question 46

3 common fluoroquinolones

Answer 46

moxifloxicin levofloxacin ciprofloxacin

Question 47

top clinical uses for macrolides (5)

Answer 47

``` CAP URI skin infections STIs Pulmonary and disseminated MAC ```

Question 48

3 common tetracyclines

Answer 48

doxycycline tetracycline minocycline

Question 49

what drug class is used to treat plasmodium (malaria)?

Answer 49

tetracyclines

Question 50

tetracyclines can treat which atypical types of bacteria ?

Answer 50

bacteria without cell wall | intracellular bacteria

Question 51

what drugs can be used for pseudomonas ?

Answer 51

``` PO: ciprofloxacin IV: pipercillin-tazobactam ceftazidime cefepime meropenem imipenem ```

Question 52

What drugs can be used for ESBL?

Answer 52

carbapenems

Question 53

What are the 4 main resistance mechanisms?

Answer 53

PBP alterations B-lactamases Efflux pumps Porin membrane mutations