Antibiotics + Infectious Organisms Flashcards by Hannah Hutchison

Microbes

Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Virus (particles)
Fungus (eukaryotes)
Parasites (eukaryotic protozoans)

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Human vs bacteria

cells filled with —

both are filled with cytoplasm

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human versus bacteria

cellular components

humans: organelles
bacteria: no organelles

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human versus bacteria

energy

human: mitochondria = energy processes

bacteria: no mitochondria, energy processes occur in membrane

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human versus bacteria

nucleus

human: Nucleus and DNA within nucleus

bacteria: no nucleus

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human versus bacteria

Protein synthesis

human: DNA, RNA, ribosome
bacteria: DNA, RNA, ribosome

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Human versus bacteria

cell membrane

human: surrounds cytoplasm; lipid bilayer

bacteria: surrounds cytoplasm; lipid bilayer

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human versus bacteria

periplasmic space

human: nonexistant

bacteria: exists between membrane and cell

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human versus bacteria

cell wall

human: no cell wall

bacteria: peptidoglycan

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human versus bacteria

special features

human: n/a

bacteria: gram negative have second, outer lipid membrane layer; mycobacteria specialized cell wall; some microbes have flagella, capsules, etc.

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Encapsulated bacteria

outer, polysaccharide capsule
more difficult to phagocytose

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Examples of encapsulated bacteria

H. flu, S. pneumonia, Neisseria, Salmonella, Group B strep, Klebsiella, E. coli

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Fastidious bacteria

complex nutritional needs: Neisseria or hemophilus – difficult to culture

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Acid fast

refers to ability to resist acid destaining

Mycobacteria

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staphylococci are ________

commensals (in flora)

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More staphylococci are ______

coagulase negative

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Staph aureus

coagulase positive
major pathogen
coagulates fibrin –> resists host defenses
Abscess, sepsis, MRSA

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Endotoxin

component on LPS layer of GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

released when cell dies and the LPS layer is broken apart —> fever, vascular inflammation, and can lead to DIC, sepsis, death

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Exotoxins

proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria

most often gram positive bacteria (can also be gram negative)

secreted into surrounding tissue or released upon bacterial death

Highly antigenic - many have vaccinations

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Examples of exotoxins

botulinum toxin

tetanus

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Inner cell membrane on gram positive, gram negative, mycobacteria

surrounds cytoplasm

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peptidoglycan layer on gram positive, gram negative, mycobacteria

gram positive - thick peptidoglycan layer

gram negative - thinner peptidoglycan

mycobacteria - thinner peptidoglycan

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peptidoglycan layer in gram positive layer

hydrophilic outer layer; lipoteichoic acids within wall for adhesion, feeding, host invasion

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outer lipid membrane on gram negative and mycobacteria

gram negative - hydrophobic layer

mycobacteria - asymmetric bilayer

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channels in membrane of gram negative bacteria

channels = pores pores allow hydrophilic molecules to pass

inner membrane layer of mycobacteria

arabinogalactan & mycolic acids

outer membrane layer in mycobacteria

extractable phospholipids

Gram positive cocci

staphylococcus streptococcus enterococcus

gram positive rods

corynebacterium listeria mycobacterium clostridium gardenerella

gram negative cocci

moraxella (diplo) neisseria (diplo)

gram negative rods

Enterobacteriaceae Pseduomonas Helicobacter Haemophilus Legionella Bacteroides Fusobacterium Provotella

Gram negative coccobacilli

bordatella pertussis fracisella tularensis rickettsiae haemophilus chlamydia

Examples of enterobacteriaeceae

Escherichia coli Klebsiella Enterobacter Citrobacter Proteus Serratia Salmonella Shigella Morganella Providencia

What is a good PO option for MRSA

clindamycin

Examples of mycobacteria

mycobacterium tuberculosis mycobacterium avium mycobacterium leprae

Atypical bacteria

generally reside in the respiratory or urogenital tracts lack cell wall or typical peptidoglycan component all have potential to cause pneumonia

Examples of atypical bacteria

mycoplasma chlamydia and chlamydophila Ureaplasma Legionella Ricketttsia

R. rickettsii causes

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

Coxiella burnetti causes

Q fever

ehrlichia chafeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum causes

ehrlichiosis

Treatment of spirochetes can cause

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

Spirochetes examples

treponema pallidum (syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) Leptospira (Leptospirosis) ---> mainly infects animals but occasionally humans

How do you treat bite wounds?

augmentin

Cat bite

pasteurella multocida

Cat scratch or bite

bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever)

what organisms do dogs carry

pasteurella multocida and P canis Capnocytophaga canimorsus

Filamentous fungi

molds

dimorphic fungi

exist in 2 forms depending on environment (yeast or filamentous)

Cell wall of fungi

contains chitin and beta-glucan -- not peptidoglycan resistant to PCNs

cells membrane of fungi

contains ergosterol -- not cholesterol

Pseudohyphae is produced by

yeast; candida

true hyphae is produced by

filamentous fungi

Fungi

aspergillus candida coccidiodes cryptococcus histpoplasma malassezia furfur mucor tinea trychophyton

malassezia furfur causes

tinea versicolor

Trichophyton causes

onchomycosis

pneumocystis jiiroveci

eukaryote -- resembles fungus does not respond to anti fungal usual tx = TMP-SMX most common opportunistic HIV infection

Tinea capitis

Kerion treatment with griseofulvin

Tinea versicolor

treatment: selsun blue or head and shoulders

What is the most common STD?

human papillomavirus (HPV)

Parvovirus causes

erythema infectious (fifth disease)

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes

bronchiolitis

Viral exanthems

Rubella Rubeola Roseola

Protozoa

plasmodium (malaria) trichomonas ameba giardia

Helminths

parasitic intestinal worms pinworms, ascarids, nematodes

Vector borne illnesses via mosquito

malaria dengue fever west nile zika

bird related illnesses

Psittacosis Q fever Histoplasmosis (spread via bird droppings in soil)

Erysipelas versus Cellulitis

Erysipelas - distinct raised border = step sign; generally on face but can be anywhere Cellulitis - no border

microbe's protein = ___; antimicrobial medication = ____

microbe's protein = receptor antimicrobial medication = the ligand

Examples of drug targets UNIQUE to pathogen

bacterial cell wall fungal ergosterol

examples of drugs that attack SIMILAR to host

dihydrofolate reductase inhibition bacterial protein synthesis inhibition

Examples of drugs attacking target COMMON to both

rapidly cycling cancer cells

Large index or wide window = safer

if toxic dose high and treatment dose low

PEN FAST Rule

F - five years or less since ran (2 points) A - anaphylaxis/angioedema OR S - severe cutaneous adverse reaction (2 points) T - treatment required for reaction (1 point) 0 pts = <1% 1-2 = 5% 3 = 20% 4 = 50%

Antibiotics + Infectious Organisms Flashcards

(73 cards)