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Joeli lectures > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain
spinal cord
white matter - axons and oligodendrocytes
gray matter - soma/cell body and unmyelinated fibers

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2
Q

PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves

relays info to and from the CNS

afferent and efferent

contains somatic and autonomic NS

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3
Q

afferent versus efferent

A

afferent (ascending) –> to the CNS; sensory input

efferent (descending) –> away from the CNS; motor output

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4
Q

somatic NS

A

motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary control of skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What neuron is used in somatic NS and what does it release?

A

alpha motor neuron; releases acetylcholine on effector organs

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6
Q

Autonomic NS

A

motor and sensory components involved in regulating involuntary control of organs and internal environment

consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

What motor neurons are used in autonomic NS

A

two motor neurons: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

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8
Q

Sympathetic

A

thoracolumbar

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9
Q

Parasympathetic

A

craniosacral

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10
Q

Afferent

A

ascending pathway that takes sensory info from PNS to CNS

sensory info always enters through the Doral horn of spinal cord

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11
Q

Ascending tracts

A

pain and temperature: lateral spinothalamic tract
light touch and pressure: anterior spinothalamic tract
discriminative touch, vibration, and proprioception: posterior white column

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12
Q

Efferent

A

descending pathway that takes motor info from CNS to PNS

motor info exits through the ventral horn (anterior) of spinal cord

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13
Q

Descending tracts

A

pyramidal tracts: voluntary movement, fine motor; begins in the pre central gyrus (motor area);

Extrapyramidal tracts: reflexes, postural control, complex movements

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14
Q

Parasympathetic cranial nerves

A

Oculomotor nerve (III)
Facial nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)

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15
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III) function - parasympathetic

A

narrows pupils and focuses lens

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16
Q

Facial nerve (VII) function - parasympathetic

A

tear, nasal, and salivary glands

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17
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) function - parasympathetic

A

parotid salivary gland

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18
Q

Vagus nerve (X) function - parasympathetic

A

cardiac (decreased HR)
pulmonary (bronchoconstriction)
GI: up to proximal 1/2 of colon – increases motility

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19
Q

Sacral nerves & function - parasympathetic

A

S2-S4

bladder, distal colon, genitals

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20
Q

The sympathetic system is directed primarily by

A

the limbic system and hypothalamus

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21
Q

T1-4/5 ascend up chain ganglia (sympathetic) to innervate eye for

A

dilation
decrease salivation

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22
Q

Sympathetic system function

A

increased HR
increased contractility
increased cardiac output
increased BP

direct effect on adrenal gland to release episodes and NE into system –> widespread vasoconstriction –> increase BP

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23
Q

Excitation in neurotransmission

A

opening Na+ channels
closing K+ channels

leads to depolarization –> postsynaptic neuron stimulated

24
Q

Inhibition in neurotransmission

A

closing Na+
opening K+

leads to hyperpolarization –> postsynaptic neuron not stimulated

25
Excitatory NT function
stimulate action potential of the post synaptic neuron increase permeability of post-synaptic membrane allowing Na+ ions to diffuse into postsynaptic neuron --> depolarization and generation of action potential
26
Excitatory NT and neuropeptides
Acetylcholine Glutamate Nitric oxide Substance P (associated w pain pathway)
27
Acetylcholine
mostly excitatory (few parasympathetic inhibition functions) active in skeletal muscle contractions part of autonomic nervous system synapses
28
Glutamate
most common excitatory transmitter in CNS
29
Inhibitory NT function
NT binds to receptor causing opening of K+ or Cl- channels --> membrane potential decreases (hyper polarization of membrane) --> neuron is now insensitive to stimulus and depolarization
30
Inhibitory NT and neuropeptides
dopamine GABA serotonin glycine
31
Dopamine
originates mostly in substantial nigra; generally inhibitory
32
GABA
major inhibitory in the brain, some in spinal cord mostly local effects
33
Glycine
mostly local effects of inhibition in spinal cord
34
Acetylcholine -- excitatory plus inhibitory
peripheral parasympathetic inhibition of heart via vagus nerve
35
Norepinephrine -----
excitatory plus inhibitory
36
Neuroglial cells
most abundant cells of nervous system surround neuron cell bodies provide metabolic and structural support maintain environment that allows neurons to function form myelin regulate clearance of NT from synaptic space
37
Types of neuroglial cells
astrocytes oligodendroglia ependymal cells microglia
38
Astrocytes
help regulate movement of metabolites and waste into/out of neurons (control blood flow and regulate permeability of blood/brain barrier) control ionic concentration extracellularly (CSF) maintain microenvironment in CNS highest amount of all types of neuroglial cells
39
Oligodendroglia
provide myelination for multiple axons in CNS
40
Ependymal cells
Cell lining in brain ventricles Form blood-CSF barrier and blood-retina barrier
41
Microglia
brain macrophages immune support phagocytosis
42
Spinothalamic tract decussation
at level of the spinal column
43
Dorsal column decussation
decussates at level of lower medulla
44
Corticospinal tracts
pyramidal tract efferent tract from cortex to limbs and trunk comprised of lateral and anterior tract
45
Lateral tract (corticospinal)
decussates in medulla 85-90% of fibers controls digits and limbs
46
Anterior tract (corticospinal)
remains ipsilateral until it reaches its intended spinal level and decussates at that level in the spinal cord controls trunk, neck, shoulders
47
Corticobulbar tract
efferent pathway from cortex to medulla control CN V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII indirect control of CN III, IV, VI through MLF has upper motor neuron that generally synapses bilaterally
48
Corticobulbar tract exception to bilateral innervation
VII nuclei (facial) is split into upper and lower upper - bilateral innervation lower - only contralateral innervation STROKE = only lower bc contralateral innervation BELL'S PALSY = upper and lower
49
Hyperreflexic could indicate
upper motor neuron lesion
50
Hyporeflexic coud indicate
lower motor neuron lesion
51
Baroreflex
stretch receptors in carotid sinus and aorta respond to smooth muscle fiber changes increased pressure = increased AP signal to medulla to cardiac control center
52
Baroreflex function
decrease sympathetic discharge (decrease cardiac contractility, decrease HR, increase arteriolar and venous dilation) increase parasympathetic discharge (decrease HR) net effect = decreased BP
53
Dysfunction of baroreflex
can cause postural hypotension
54
Where do pyramidal tracts begin
pre central gyrus (motor area)
55
Pyramidal tracts
Corticospinal (cortex to spine) Corticobulbar
56
Corticospinal tract
movements of limbs and trunk
57
Corticobulbar tract
movement of non-oculomotor cranial nerves

Joeli lectures (18 decks)

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