Antibody- and cell-mediated effector mechanisms

Question 1

What are the two major types of adaptive immune responses?

Answer 1

Antibody-mediated (humoral immunity) and cell-mediated immunity

Antibody-mediated immunity refers to the production of antibodies in response to an antigen, while cell-mediated immunity involves T-cells and other immune cells.

Question 2

What is the response time of the innate immune response?

Answer 2

Hours

Question 3

What is the response time of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 3

Days

Question 4

Which organisms have an innate immune response?

Answer 4

All multi-cellular organisms

Question 5

Which organisms have an adaptive immune response?

Answer 5

Vertebrates only

Question 6

What is the specificity of the innate immune response?

Answer 6

Limited & fixed

Question 7

What is the specificity of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 7

Highly diverse and improves during the course of the immune response

Question 8

What type of immunity is present from birth?

Answer 8

Innate immune response

Question 9

What type of immunity involves memory?

Answer 9

Adaptive immune response

Question 10

What are the main types of cells involved in the innate immune response?

Answer 10

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 11

What are the main types of cells involved in the adaptive immune response?

Answer 11

T-cells and B-cells

Question 12

What triggers the immune response?

Answer 12

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

Question 13

What are antibodies?

Answer 13

Specific glycoproteins produced by B-cells or plasma cells in response to a specific antigen

Question 14

What is opsonisation?

Answer 14

Coating of antigens to enhance phagocytosis

Question 15

What does the Fab portion of an antibody do?

Answer 15

Interacts with the epitopes of the antigen

Question 16

What does the Fc portion of an antibody do?

Answer 16

Interacts with phagocytes

Question 17

What is the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

Answer 17

Forms transmembrane channels that disrupt the lipid bilayer of a membrane

Question 18

What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

Answer 18

Effector cells like NK cells actively lyse target cells identified by specific antibodies

Question 19

What is the role of neutralising antibodies?

Answer 19

Block binding of toxins and viruses to host cells

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Antibodies made against pili, capsules, and adherins prevent bacteria _______.

Answer 20

adhering to & colonising the host cell

Question 21

How do antibodies immobilise bacteria?

Answer 21

By binding to flagella or cilia, stopping movement

Question 22

What is agglutination?

Answer 22

Linking micro-organisms together for easier phagocytosis

Question 23

List 8 ways that antibodies help to defend the body.

Answer 23

• Opsonisation
• MAC cytolysis
• Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• Neutralising toxins
• Neutralising viruses
• Preventing bacteria adhering to host cells
• Agglutination of micro-organisms
• Immobilisation of bacteria