bacterial metabolism

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

Sum up all the chemical processes that occur within a cell

Includes both anabolism and catabolism

Question 2

Define anabolism.

Answer 2

Synthesis of more complex compounds and use of energy

Question 3

Define catabolism.

Answer 3

Break down a substrate and capture energy

Question 4

What are metabolic pathways?

Answer 4

Series of enzymatic reactions that perform metabolic functions

Question 5

What types of pathways exist?

Answer 5

Linear, branched, cyclic, spiral

Question 6

How is pathway activity controlled?

Answer 6

Through metabolic channeling, enzyme amount variation, and regulated enzymes

Question 7

What is metabolic channeling?

Answer 7

Localization of metabolites and enzymes in different parts of the cell

Question 8

What are pacemaker enzymes?

Answer 8

Critical regulated enzymes that are often the rate-limiting step in a pathway

Question 9

What are effectors in enzyme activity?

Answer 9

Inhibitor or activator molecules that change enzyme activity

Question 10

What is feedback inhibition?

Answer 10

End-product acts as a negative effector of the first enzyme in the pathway

Question 11

What is feed forward activation?

Answer 11

Earlier substrate acts as a positive effector of a forward reaction enzyme

Question 12

What are amphibolic pathways?

Answer 12

Pathways that function in both catabolic and anabolic directions

Question 13

What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?

Answer 13

Heterotrophs consume organic molecules; autotrophs make their own food from inorganic molecules

Question 14

Define chemoheterotrophs.

Answer 14

Organisms that must take in organic molecules for both energy and carbon

Question 15

Define photoautotrophs.

Answer 15

Organisms that use energy from sunlight to convert CO2 and water to carbon compounds

Question 16

What is the light reaction in photosynthesis?

Answer 16

Photolysis of H2O produces ATP and NADPH

Question 17

What is the purpose of the dark fixation in photosynthesis?

Answer 17

Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction to fix CO2

Question 18

What is the difference between cyclic and acyclic photosynthesis?

Answer 18

Cyclic uses one photosystem; acyclic uses two and can perform photolysis of H2O

Question 19

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 19

Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen and uses different electron donors

Question 20

What are the final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 20

Never O2; can be sulfate, carbon dioxide, or nitrate

Question 21

What is the most efficient way to extract energy from glucose?

Answer 21

Aerobic respiration

Question 22

What is the glycolysis equation?

Answer 22

Glucose → 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Question 23

What is the role of the electron transport chain?

Answer 23

Transports electrons from high to low energy state; ends with oxygen accepting electrons

Question 24

What are the ATP yields from NADH and FADH?

Answer 24

3 ATP from NADH; 2 ATP from FADH

Question 25

What is fermentation?

Answer 25

Process that occurs when there is no terminal electron acceptor for respiration

Question 26

What are the products of homolactic acid fermentation?

Answer 26

Pyruvate → Lactic Acid

Question 27

Define chemolithotrophs.

Answer 27

Organisms that gain energy from reduced inorganic compounds

Question 28

What enzymes are involved in the hydrolysis of biomolecules?

Answer 28

* Proteins by proteases * Polysaccharides by glycosidases * Nucleic acids by nucleases * Lipids by lipases

Question 29

What is the significance of the terminal electron acceptor?

Answer 29

Determines which type of respiration or fermentation occurs

Question 30

What is the biosynthesis method for metal nanoparticles?

Answer 30

Biosynthesis of metal-nano particles involves using biological organisms like; bacteria, fungi, or plants to produce nanoparticles ## Footnote More favorable than chemical and physical methods due to lower cost and safer products

Question 31

What role does Saccharomyces cerevisiae play in metal nanoparticle biosynthesis?

Answer 31

Widely studied in genetics and physiology; related to glutathione metabolism

Question 32

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in bacterial metabolism?

Answer 32

The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to produce energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Question 33

True or False: The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Fill in the blank: The Krebs cycle is also known as the ________ acid cycle.

Answer 34

citric

Question 35

Which molecule is the starting substrate for the Krebs cycle?

Answer 35

Acetyl-CoA

Question 36

What are the main products of one turn of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 36

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), and 2 CO2.

Question 37

Multiple choice: Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle? A) NADH B) FADH2 C) Glucose D) GTP

Answer 37

C) Glucose

Question 38

What role does NAD+ play in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 38

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier that is reduced to NADH during the cycle.

Question 39

True or False: The Krebs cycle is a linear pathway.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What is the significance of the enzyme citrate synthase in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 40

Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, marking the beginning of the cycle.

Question 41

List two intermediates produced in the Krebs cycle.

Answer 41

Citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate.