Antimicrobial chemotherapy

Question 1

bactericidal

Answer 1

antimicrobial that kills bacteria

Question 2

bacteriostatic

Answer 2

antimicrobial that inhibits growth of bacteria

Question 3

MBC

Answer 3

minimal bactericidal concentration- minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism

Question 4

MIC

Answer 4

minimal inhibitory concentration- minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to inhibit a given organism

Question 5

routes of administration

Answer 5

topical, systemic, parenteral

Question 6

mechanism of action of antibiotics (3)

Answer 6

inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Question 7

antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis and how

Answer 7

penicillin, cephalosporins, glycopeptides.

Question 8

examples of glycopeptides

Answer 8

vancomycin

Question 9

aminoglycosides work how

Answer 9

useful in treatment of gram negative, prevent mRNA code to be read properly so protein is translated wrong. bactericidal

Question 10

example of aminoglycosides

Answer 10

gentamicin

Question 11

oxazolidinones are and example

Answer 11

bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on bacteria being treated. inhibit protein synthesis. work on gram positive infections. linezolid (anti MRSA)

Question 12

adverse reactions due to antimicrobials are dependent on

Answer 12

dose and duration of therapy

Question 13

types of adverse reactions due to antibiotics (10)

Answer 13

allergic reaction, immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylactic shock), delayed hypersensitivity (immune complex or cell mediated mechanism), gastrointestinal side effects, thrush, liver toxicity, renal toxicity, neurological toxicity, optic neuropathy, haematological toxicity,

Question 14

what to remember when prescribing antibiotics

Answer 14

reduce 4 Cs- cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, co-amoxiclav

Question 15

adverse reactions should be reported to

Answer 15

committee on safety of medicine

Question 16

mutagenic antimicrobials

Answer 16

induce mutation in foetal chromosomes

Question 17

teratogenic antimicrobials

Answer 17

associated with congenital abnormalities or both

Question 18

prophylaxis

Answer 18

administration of antibiotics in order to prevent the future occurrence of infection. for example before an abdominal operation

Question 19

empirical antimicrobial therapy

Answer 19

the use of antibiotics to treat a suspected bacterial infection despite lack of a specific bacterial diagnosis when needed. can be monotherapy or combination

Question 20

outcomes of combination therapy can be

Answer 20

antagonistic, additive, synergistic

Question 21

common combination of drugs

Answer 21

penicillin and gentamicin

Question 22

low therapeutic index

Answer 22

difference between a therapeutic and a toxic dose is small eg vencomycin and gentamicin

Question 23

susceptibility testing

Answer 23

E test for MIC- cut offs decide whether sensitive or resistant

Question 24

anti fungal drugs (4)

Answer 24

polyenes, azoles , allylamines, echinocandins

Question 25

all anti viral drugs are

Answer 25

virustatic

Question 26

types of beta lactams

Answer 26

penicillins and cephalosporins

Question 27

what do beta lactamases do

Answer 27

enzymes that provide resistance to beta lactic antibiotics. MRSA contains

Question 28

types of penicillins

Answer 28

co-amoxiclav, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin

Question 29

what do co amoxiclavs work on

Answer 29

coliforms

Question 30

what do amoxicillins work on

Answer 30

gram negative organisms

Question 31

what do flucloxacillins work on

Answer 31

staphylococcal infections

Question 32

types of macrolides and what they work on

Answer 32

clarithromycin, erythromycin - gram positive organisms

Question 33

example of quinolone and what they do

Answer 33

ciprofloxacin - active against nearly all gram negative

Question 34

what is clindamycin

Answer 34

miscellaneous antibiotic. active against gram positive and anaerobes

Question 35

when is genotypic analysis used

Answer 35

working out best antiviral to use

Question 36

examples of polyenes

Answer 36

amphotericin B, nystatin

Question 37

examples of azoles

Answer 37

fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole

Question 38

examples of allylamines

Answer 38

terbafine is only one in common use (dermatophyte infections)

Question 39

examples of echinocandins

Answer 39

caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin

Question 40

anti herpes virus drugs include what suffix

Answer 40

clovir

Question 41

anti HIV drugs

Answer 41

combination of more than 3. zidovudine, saquinavir, nevirapine

Question 42

drugs for chronic hep B and C

Answer 42

interferon-a, ribavirin (C), laminidine (B)

Question 43

drugs for viral respiratory infections

Answer 43

zanamivir, ostamivir, ribavirin, remdesivir