Tumour pathology

Question 1

basic pathological mechanisms

Answer 1

inflammation, circulatory disorders, neoplasia

Question 2

types of circulatory disorder

Answer 2

thrombosis, embolism, infarction

Question 3

other word for tumour

Answer 3

neoplasm

Question 4

what is a tumour

Answer 4

growing mass of tissue that continues growing even after removal of any stimulus that may have caused it and it is an irreversible change. benign or malignant

Question 5

common types of cancer

Answer 5

prostate, breast, lung, colon, melanoma

Question 6

malignant tumour of epithelium is known as

Answer 6

carcinoma

Question 7

malignant tumour of connective tissue is known as

Answer 7

sarcoma

Question 8

benign prefix for glandular epithelium

Answer 8

aden

Question 9

benign prefix for squamous

Answer 9

squamous papill

Question 10

tumours of WBC

Answer 10

no benign, leukaemia

Question 11

tumours of RBC

Answer 11

none

Question 12

tumours of lymphoid tissue

Answer 12

no benign, lymphoma

Question 13

tumours of melanocytes

Answer 13

naevi, melanoma

Question 14

tumours of neural tissue

Answer 14

many types, find if CNS or PNS, ends in Oma

Question 15

tumours of germ cell

Answer 15

teratomas. ovarian teratomas usually benign, testicular teratomas usually malignant

Question 16

features of benign tumour

Answer 16

non invasive growth pattern, usually encapsulated, no metastases, cells similar to normal, function similar to normal, rarely cause death

Question 17

features of malignant tumours

Answer 17

invasive growth pattern, no capsule or breached capsule, abnormal cells, loss of normal function, often evidence of spread, frequently cause death

Question 18

properties of cancer cells (5)

Answer 18

loss of tumour suppressor genes, gain of function of oncogenes, altered cellular function, abnormal morphology, capable of independent growth

Question 19

change in cell function in cancer cells (3)

Answer 19

loss of cell to cell adhesion, altered cell to matrix adhesion, production of tumour related proteins- tumour biomarkers

Question 20

tumour biomarkers

Answer 20

properties of cancer cells that can be exploited clinically eg Onco fatal proteins, oncogenes, growth factors and receptors

Question 21

clinical utility of tumour biomarkers

Answer 21

screening, diagnosis, prognostic, predictive- identifying patients who will respond to a particular therapy

Question 22

morphology of cancer cells

Answer 22

cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, abnormal mitoses, marked variation in size and shape

Question 23

what causes tumour growth

Answer 23

balance between angiogenesis, and apoptosis

Question 24

angiogenesis

Answer 24

new blood vessel formation by tumours, required to sustain growth, more blood vessels in tumour means more routes for release into circulation which means poorer prognosis

Question 25

modes of spread of cancer

Answer 25

local, lymphatic, blood, trans-coelomic (body cavities)

Question 26

tumour metastasis via lymphatics

Answer 26

adherence of tumour cells to lymph vessels from connective tissue, invasion from lymphatics, invasion into lymph node, formation of metastasis in lymph node, clinical evidence of metastasis

Question 27

tumour metastasis via blood

Answer 27

adherence of tumour cells to blood vessels from connective tissue, invasion from blood vessel, invasion into tissue, formation of metastasis, clinical evidence of metastasis

Question 28

common sites of metastasis

Answer 28

liver (colorectal), lung, brain, bone (breast and prostate), adrenal gland, omentum/peritoneum (ovary)

Question 29

local effects of malignant tumours

Answer 29

pressure, obstruction, tissue destruction- ulceration/infection, bleeding- anaemia/ haemorrhage, pain- pressure on nerves, pathological fractures, perineurial infiltration, effects of treatment

Question 30

systemic effects of malignant cancer

Answer 30

weight loss, secretion of hormones (more from endocrine gland or abnormal which is secretion from non endocrine gland), paraneoplastic syndromes, effects of treatment

Question 31

paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 31

cannot be explained by metastatic or local effects of tumours- neuropathy and myopathy

Question 32

dysplasia

Answer 32

pre malignant change, earliest stage of malignancy that can be visualised, identified In epithelium, no invasion. abnormal mitoses, increased nuclear size, no invasion though

Question 33

which biomarker used for monitor of colorectal cancer

Answer 33

carcinoembryonic antigen

Question 34

which biomarker used for monitor of testicular cancer

Answer 34

alpha feto protein

Question 35

which biomarker used for monitor of breast cancer

Answer 35

oestrogen receptor

Question 36

which biomarker used for monitor of prostate cancer

Answer 36

prostate specific antigen

Question 37

which biomarker used for monitor of breast and gastric cancer

Answer 37

HER2

Question 38

how are tumours spread

Answer 38

penetration of extracellular matrix so cancer cells can move into blood stream or lymphatic system

Question 39

epithelial mesenchyme transition (EMT)

Answer 39

conversion of closely connected epithelial cells becoming independent mesenchymal cells with the ability to move and invade their local environment. reversible process

Question 40

stages of metastasis

Answer 40

invasion, intravasation, transport, extravasation, colonisation

Question 41

angiogenic inducers

Answer 41

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)= A-D and placental growth factors. signals transmitted via VEGF receptors 1-3

Question 42

angiogenic inhibitors

Answer 42

angiostatin, endostatin