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Foundations Of Medicine > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscle

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2
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

things like blood pressure and eye function

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3
Q

segments and ridges of brain called

A

gyrus and sulcus

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4
Q

membranes surrounding brain called

A

meninges

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5
Q

parts of cerebrum

A

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe

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6
Q

underneath the cerebrum in the diencephalon is the

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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7
Q

parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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8
Q

how many spinal nerves in spinal cord

A

31

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9
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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10
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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11
Q

what do spinal tracts do

A

take information from the sensory neurons and sending it to the brain to tell it to do something or sending information down from the brain telling motor neurons to do something

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12
Q

soma

A

cell body of neuron

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13
Q

dendrites

A

receive information

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14
Q

axon hillock

A

the initial segment. triggers action potential

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15
Q

axon

A

sends action potential

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16
Q

axon terminals

A

release transmitter across synapse

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17
Q

interneurones found in

A

central nervous system

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18
Q

neurones in peripheral nervous system

A

afferent and efferent

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19
Q

types of glia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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20
Q

what glia forms myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

what glia produce the cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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22
Q

what glia maintain external environment for neurons and surround blood vessels

A

astrocytes

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23
Q

what glia are phagocytic hoovers that mop up infection

24
Q

where are glia found

Study These Flashcards
A

CNS (make up 90% if it)

25
action potential
transmits signals over long distances
26
graded potentials
depolarise the cell to threshold and decide if an action potential should be fired. can summate
27
resting membrane potential
keeps cells ready to respond (inside of cells is negative relative to outside, usually -70mV)
28
what channels cause a resting membrane potential
leaky potassium channels. reached when electrical gradient is equal and opposite to concentration gradient
29
resting membrane potential shows what concentrations of ions outside and inside of cell
high potassium in, low sodium in, low chloride in
30
what does the sodium potassium pump do
establishes concentration gradient by putting 2 potassium in and 3 sodium out
31
how is the brain protected by changes in ion concentration in plasma
blood brain barrier- capillaries are especially tight
32
types of graded potentials
generator, postsynaptic, endplate, pacemaker
33
how are graded potentials decremental
they get smaller as they travel along the membrane so are only useful over small distances
34
graded potentials can either ____ or ____ a cell
excite (depolarising) or inhibit (hyperpolarising)
35
Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potentials are generated by
opening chloride channels or opening potassium channels
36
Exciting PostSynaptic Potentials are generated by
opening sodium/potassium channels or by closing leaky potassium channels
37
temporal summation
adds on to first stimulus later on, pushing closer or further away from threshold
38
spatial summation
have stimulus a and b at the same time so that response is greater
39
synaptic integration
summing the synaptic inputs to determine if the initial segment will reach threshold
40
types of synapse
axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic
41
what channels do the depolarising in an action potential
voltage gated sodium channels
42
what is an action potential and some properties of one
rapid depolarisation. have a threshold. can only encode stimulus intensity in their firing frequency, not their amplitude (cross threshold more, more intense, greater frequency), self propagating (one sodium channel opening triggers the next)
43
absolute refractory period
excitability of zero, cannot fire another action potential
44
how to speed up action potentials
large axons (wide diameter, long axons electrical impulses flow through easier. sodium channels can be wider spaced), myelination (increases membrane resistance and reduces membrane capacitance, less current is wasted)
45
diseases that cause demyelination
multiple sclerosis and Guillain barre syndrome. attack the myelin sheath. more current is lost between nodes
46
compound action potential
sum of many fibres and potentials recruited. electrical stimulation initiates action potentials in nerve trunk which travel down and the fastest conducted ones arrive at the end first. extracellularly recorded which means small peaks, not large ones. if enough little nibbles pass at the same time, a large one comes
47
A alpha fibres
largest myelinated- proprioception, motoneurons
48
A beta fibres
large myelinated. touch, pressure
49
A gamma fibres
small myelinated. motoneurons of muscle spindles
50
A delta fibres
smallest myelinated. touch, cold, fast pain
51
C fibres
unmyelinated. warmth, slow pain
52
what happens at neuromuscular junction
action potential in motor neurone, opens voltage gated calcium channels in presynaptic terminal which triggers calcium dependent exocytosis. acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) is released which binds to receptors. This opens ligand gated sodium potassium channels , cell depolarises as sodium flows in. End plate potential is caused
53
is end plate potential small or big
very big. about 40mV. always depolarises adjacent membrane to threshold
54
post junctional folds role in neuromuscular junction
ensure the end plate potential has a short distance to travel to voltage gated sodium channels
55
what makes CNS synapses complex
they have a range of neurotransmitters which each have several receptors, they have a range of postsynaptic potentials(IPSP, EPSP), arrangement of synapses, arrangement of wiring
56
five types of synaptic pathway
divergent, convergent, feedback inhibition, monosynaptic, polysynaptic

Foundations Of Medicine (50 decks)

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