Antimicrobial Resistance

Question 1

Microbiological definition of AMR

Answer 1

Reistance is thr property of bacterial strains to survive at higher antibiotic concentrations compared with the wild type popilation

I.e. bacterial population that does not contain any resistance gene or mutation conferring resistance within species

Question 2

Clinical definition of AMR

Answer 2

Resistance is the bacterial abiliy to survive antimicrobial therapoy and cause therapeutic failure

Question 3

How to bacteria aquire resistance

Answer 3

Mutation

Horizontal gene transfer ( tranformation, transduction, conjugation)

Question 4

Tranformation

Answer 4

Uptake of free DNA

Question 5

Transduction

Answer 5

Transfer mediated by phage delivery

Question 6

Conjugation

Answer 6

Transfer of mobile genetics dements via cel to cell contact

Question 7

Superbugs in human medicine that are mainly in HOSPITALS (4)

Answer 7

Carbapenen-resistant K. Pneumoniae
Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
Multidrug-resistant P. Aeruginosa

Question 8

Superbugs in human medicine in HOSPITALS and COMMINITY (2)

Answer 8

Meticillin-resistant S aereus (MRSA)

ESBL- producing E. coli

Question 9

Superbugs in human medicine in COMMUNITY (2)

Answer 9

Penicillin-resistant.S. pneumoniae

Multidrug-resistant N. Gonorreheae

Question 10

Superbugs in human medicine in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2)

Answer 10

Multidrug-resistant M. Tuberculosis

Multidrug-resistant Shigella

Question 11

Salmonella resistance

Answer 11

Resistance to cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones

Question 12

Campylobacteria restistance

Answer 12

Resistance to macrolides or fluoroquinolones

Question 13

What is recommended for invasive infections

Answer 13

Antibiotic therapy

Question 14

Stapgylococcus aerus (MRSA) has resistance to

Answer 14

Beta lactams

Question 15

Staphylococcus aerus in animals

Answer 15

Mainly in pigs

Limited to companion animals and dairy cows

Question 16

T or F

S. Aerus has high risk of foor transmission

Answer 16

False

Low risk

Question 17

Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius (MRSP) has resistace to

Answer 17

Beta lactam

Question 18

MRSP occurs mainly in what animals

Answer 18

Dogs

Question 19

E. Coli (ESBL producers) have resistance to

Answer 19

Beta lactams

Question 20

What bacteria has high risk of food transmission

Answer 20

E. Coli

Question 21

ESBL-produsing E. coli diseases (4)

Answer 21

UTI
Pyometra
Periotonitis
Wound infections

Question 22

MRSA/MRSP diseases

Answer 22

Skin and wound infection
Otitis
Surgical site infections
UTIs

Question 23

What does MRSA stand for

Answer 23

Meticillin resistance staphylococcus aerus

Question 24

MRSA has aquired what (genes?)

Answer 24

Has aquired resistance gene (mecA) encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2A) with low affinity to mos beta lactams (Penicillin and cephalosporins)

Question 25

MRSP has aquired

Answer 25

MecA just like MRSA

Question 26

Antimicrobial choice for MRSP is difficult because?

Answer 26

Since MRSP strains may be resitant to all antibiotic liscenced for vets use

Question 27

ESBL stants for

Answer 27

Extended spectrum beta lactamase

Question 28

What is ESBL

Answer 28

Enxyme hydrolizing/inactivating most beta lactam (except carbapenems) produced by gram negative bacteria

Question 29

T or F | True EBSL are suceptible to beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acis

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

Main classes of EBSL (3)

Answer 30

CTX-M SHV TEM

Question 31

What is the most common type of EBSL in food in animals

Answer 31

CTX-M

Question 32

What is the non-EBSL enzyme, resistant to beta lactamase inhibitors, widespread in small animals and limited in europe and poultry

Answer 32

CMY-2

Question 33

Consequences of animals and public health

Answer 33

Increased patient mortality and morbidity | Risk of zoonotic transmission

Question 34

Economic consequences

Answer 34

``` More visits, lab tests, and therapies Prolonged hospitalization Produced weight gain Loss of constumers/reputation by vets Expensive hospital and decontamination Survealence and intervention costs ```