Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Question 1

What class?

Cefepime

Answer 1

Cephalosporins

- Fourth generation

Question 2

What class?

Doripenem

Answer 2

Beta-Lactam

- Carbapenems

Question 3

What class?

Levofloxacin

Answer 3

Fluoroquinolones

Question 4

What class?

Amikacin

Answer 4

Aminoglycosides

Question 5

What class?

Clindamycin

Answer 5

• Under it’s own category

Question 6

What class?

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

Answer 6

Antimetabolites

Question 7

What class?

Ciprofloxacin

Answer 7

Fluoroquinolones

Question 8

What class?

Penicillin

Answer 8

Penicillins

- Narrow spectrum

Question 9

What class?

Doxycycline

Answer 9

Tetracyclines

Question 10

What class?

Ceftazidime

Answer 10

Cephalosporins

- Third generation

Question 11

What class?

Erythromycin

Answer 11

Macrolides

Question 12

What class?

Tobramycin

Answer 12

Aminoglycosides

Question 13

What class?

Oxacillin

Answer 13

Penicillins

- Beta lactamase resistant

Question 14

What class?

Cefurozime

Answer 14

Cephalosporins

- Second generation

Question 15

What class?

Tetracycline

Answer 15

Tetracyclines

Question 16

What class?

Piperacillin

Answer 16

Penicillin

• Broad spectrum
• Ureidopenicillins

Question 17

What class?

Gentamicin

Answer 17

Aminoglycosides

Question 18

What class?

Meropenem

Answer 18

Beta-Lactam

- Carbapenems

Question 19

What class?

Cefazolin

Answer 19

Cephalosporins

- First generation

Question 20

What class?

Imipenem

Answer 20

Beta-Lactams

- Carbapenems

Question 21

What class?

Vancomycin

Answer 21

Glycopeptides

Question 22

Substance naturally produced by living organisms such as bacteria and fungi and able, in a dilute solution, to inhibit or kill another microorganism

Answer 22

Definition of: antibiotic

Question 23

Chemical substance produced by a microorganism that has the capability of killing or inhibiting the growth of another organism

Answer 23

Definition of: antimicrobial agent

Question 24

Range of activity of an antimicrobial agent against certain groups of bacteria

Answer 24

Definition of: spectrum of activity

Question 25

Difference between intrinsic and acquired resistance

Answer 25

Intrinsic: all members of the species are resistant Acquired: not all members of the species are resistant

Question 26

Examples of intrinsic resistance

Answer 26

Staph saprophyticus and novobiocin

Question 27

Examples of acquired resistance

Answer 27

Staph aureus and methicillin/oxacillin

Question 28

Effects of combining antimicrobials (3)

Answer 28

- Autonomous/Indifferent - Antagonistic (a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another) - Synergistic (one drug increases the other's effectiveness).

Question 29

What organism is universally susceptible to penicillin?

Answer 29

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 30

Bacteristatic

Answer 30

Slows down growth; "keeps it at bay"

Question 31

Bactericidal

Answer 31

Not just slowing down the growth but KILLING all the bacteria; used in immunosuppressed individuals

Question 32

5 mechanisms of action a drug can have

Answer 32

1. inhibit cell wall synthesis 2. inhibit protein synthesis 3. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis 4. Antimetabolites 5. Alteration of cell membranes

Question 33

What are the 5 Bacteriostatic drugs

Answer 33

1. Tetracyclines 2. Chloramphenicol 3. Macrolides 4. Antimetabolites 5. Clindamycin (can also be bacteriocidal)

Question 34

What drugs work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

Answer 34

1. Penicillins 2. Cephalosporins 3. Glycopeptides (inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis; precursors of cell wall synthesis)

Question 35

What drugs work by inhibiting protein synthesis

Answer 35

1. Aminoglycosides (30S subunit) 2. Tetracyclines (30S subunit) 3. Chloramphenicol (50S subunit) 4. Macrolides (50S subunit) 5. Clindamycin (50S subunit)

Question 36

What drugs work by inhibiting folic acid synthesis

Answer 36

Antimetabolites

Question 37

What drug works by inhibiting DNA synthesis

Answer 37

1. Fluoroquinolones

Question 38

What drugs alter cell membranes?

Answer 38

Colistin, polymyxins, bactracin

Question 39

Three mechanisms of bacterial resistance

Answer 39

1. Impermeability 2. Alterations in target molecules 3. Ezymatic Inactivation

Question 40

Two mechanisms of Impermeability

Answer 40

- altered outer membrane porins | - altered transport systems

Question 41

Three mechanisms in altering the target molecules

Answer 41

- Methylation of ribosomal RNA - Alterations of Ribosomes - Altered Penicillin Binding Proteins

Question 42

Three mechanisms in enzymatic inactivation

Answer 42

- Beta lactamases - Chlorampheicol acetyltransferases - Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes

Question 43

Spectrum of activity: | - Penicillin

Answer 43

Activity agains GP and GN (changes depending upon class)

Question 44

Spectrum of activity: | - Cephalosporins (4th Generation)

Answer 44

GNR

Question 45

Spectrum of activity: | - Tetracyclines

Answer 45

Broad spectrum: GP, GN, mycoplasma, chladydiae, rickettsiae

Question 46

Spectrum of activity: | - Clindamycin

Answer 46

Broad spectrum (aerobic GP + anaerobes)

Question 47

Spectrum of activity: | - Fluoroquinolones

Answer 47

Broad spectrum

Question 48

Spectrum of activity: | - Alteration of cell membrane

Answer 48

Limited spectrum of activity (GNR, Pseudomonas aerugenosa)

Question 49

Spectrum of activity: | Chloramphenicol

Answer 49

Broad spectrum (similar to tetracycline)

Question 50

Spectrum of activity: | - Cephalosporins (2nd Generation)

Answer 50

GPC, some GPR

Question 51

Spectrum of activity: | - Antimetabolites

Answer 51

specific clinical uses...UTI, S. maltophilia

Question 52

Spectrum of activity: | - Macrolides

Answer 52

Broad Spectrum

Question 53

Spectrum of activity: | - Cephalosporins (3rd generation)

Answer 53

GNR, some GPC

Question 54

Spectrum of activity: | Aminoglycosides

Answer 54

active against GNRs and S. aureus

Question 55

Spectrum of activity: | - Cephosporins (1st Generation)

Answer 55

GPC