Antiparasitics

Question 1

what is the mechanism of action of pyrethrins/pyrethroids?

Answer 1

neurotoxins

Question 2

what does it mean that pyrethrins/pyrethroids are broad spectrum?

Answer 2

effective against insects and arachnoids

Question 3

who should you not use pyrethrins/pyrethroids in?

Answer 3

puppies
kittens
debilitated animals

Question 4

what are the signs of pyrethrin/pyrethroid toxicity in cats?

Answer 4

tremors
seizures
ataxia
death

Question 5

what is the mechanism of action of organophosphates and carbamates?

Answer 5

inhibit acetylcholinesterase

Question 6

what is the spectrum of organophosphates and carbamates?

Answer 6

broad: insects and arachnids

Question 7

what signs are seen with overdose of organophosphates and carbamates?

Answer 7

SLUD signs +/- nicotinic effects: twitching, weakness, paralysis

Question 8

what is the antidote of organophosphate or carbamate overdose?

Answer 8

2-PAM for organophosphates only
atropine for all

Question 9

what is toxicity of formamidine (amitraz) due to?

Answer 9

alpha2-adrenergic agonism

Question 10

who is formamidines (amitraz) not recommended in?

Answer 10

cats

Question 11

what are neonicotinoids effective against?

Answer 11

adult fleas

Question 12

what are some common neonicotinoids?

Answer 12

imidacloprid
spinosad
nitenpyram

Question 13

which neonicotinoid is a P-glycoprotein inhibitor?

Answer 13

spinosad

Question 14

who are neonicotinoids used in?

Answer 14

cats and dogs

Question 15

what are the main indications for fipronil?

Answer 15

kill adult fleas: 24hours
kill ticks: 48hours

Question 16

how is fipronil given?

Answer 16

topically to dogs and cats

Question 17

what is one insect growth regulator?

Answer 17

lufenuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor

Question 18

how do isoxazolines work?

Answer 18

neurotoxins: GABA antagonists

Question 19

what do isoxazolines work against?

Answer 19

fleas and ticks
extralabel: Demodex, Sarcoptes, Otodectes

Question 20

what isoxazolines are approved for cats?

Answer 20

topical fluralaner

Question 21

what do benzimidazoles work against?

Answer 21

nematodes
cestodes
some trematodes
broad spectrum
protozoa- less common use (Giardia)

Question 22

what are some benzimidazoles?

Answer 22

febantel (pro-drug)
fenbendazole

Question 23

how does pyrantel work?

Answer 23

neurotoxin: cholinergic agonist

Question 24

what is pyrantel effective against?

Answer 24

roundworms
hookworms
not whipworms or tapeworms

Question 25

how safe is pyrantel?

Answer 25

very safe

Question 26

what drug is used to deworm puppies and kittens?

Answer 26

pyrantel start at 2 weeks of age, repeat every 2 weeks until 8 weeks old

Question 27

why should you be careful of using pyrantel in horses? what other product can we use instead?

Answer 27

heavy ascarid burden: rapid kill can cause obstruction fenbendazole is safer

Question 28

what do isoquinolones work against?

Answer 28

cestodes and trematodes

Question 29

what is a common isoquinolone?

Answer 29

praziquantel

Question 30

deworm horses annually for Anoplocephala with ________________ or ________________ (double dose for tapeworms)

Answer 30

praziquantel pyrantel

Question 31

what is clorsulon: benzene sulfonamide used for?

Answer 31

liver flukes in cattle

Question 32

what are macrocyclic lactones such as ivermectin and moxidectin used for?

Answer 32

nematodes fleas ticks flies grubs mites

Question 33

what things do macrocyclic lactones not work against?

Answer 33

flukes tapeworms biting lice

Question 34

what are some macrocyclic lactones?

Answer 34

ivermectin moxidectin

Question 35

what are the two groups of macrocyclic lactones?

Answer 35

avermectins milbemycins

Question 36

do avermectins or mibemycins get whipworms?

Answer 36

milbemycins do get whipworms

Question 37

how do macrocyclic lactones work?

Answer 37

neurotoxins

Question 38

which collies have higher chances of being MDR1 mutants?

Answer 38

australian shepherds mini australian shepherds collies longhaired whippets

Question 39

ivermectin cannot penetrate mammalian CNS except in dogs with ______________________________ gene mutation

Answer 39

ABCB1 (previously known as MDR-1)

Question 40

what are the CNS signs of ivermectin toxicity?

Answer 40

depression ataxia stupor progressing to coma death

Question 41

can you use spinosad with ivermectin?

Answer 41

no P-glycoprotein inhibitor

Question 42

what is the safety margin like of moxidectin for large animals?

Answer 42

narrower than other macrocyclic lactones

Question 43

what may overdosage of moxidectin in large animals result in?

Answer 43

serious adverse reactions (fatalities) in foals and miniature horses never use in miniature horses

Question 44

what is the recommended heartworm disease treatment for dogs?

Answer 44

doxycycline (Wolbachia treatment) and a macrocyclic lactone prior to the three-dose regimen of melarsomine

Question 45

what is Haemonchus contortus?

Answer 45

problem in small ruminants: HOT complex anemia and edema

Question 46

what is refugia?

Answer 46

the portion of parasites that remain unexposed to a dewormer

Question 47

what is emodepside?

Answer 47

octadesipeptide and new anthelminthic class effective against most GI nematodes recommendation is to save for when parasitism is resistant to triple therapy with conventional agents

Question 48

what products should you be careful of using with cats?

Answer 48

pyrethroids permethrins formamidines not recommended for cats

Question 49

how toxic are insect growth regulators?

Answer 49

loe: mammals do not have chitin/insect hormones

Question 50

what is extra-label use of isoxazolines for?

Answer 50

demodex sarcoptes otodectes

Question 51

who are isoxazolines approved for?

Answer 51

dogs only topical fluralaner approved in cats

Question 52

does pyrantel work against whipworms or tapeworms?

Answer 52

no

Question 53

what is the dosing regimen for deworming puppies and kittens?

Answer 53

start at 2 weeks of age repeat every two weeks until 8 weeks

Question 54

do avermectins get whipworms?

Answer 54

no

Question 55

can you use moxidectin for large animals in miniature horses?

Answer 55

no