Autacoids

Question 1

what do autacoids do?

Answer 1

act like local hormones: brief duration, act near site of synthesis

Question 2

what are two common things included in autacoids?

Answer 2

histamine
antihistamines

Question 3

which species have high histamine in tissues?

Answer 3

goat and rabbit

Question 4

what are the two general stores of histamine?

Answer 4

mast cell pool (mast cells and basophils)
non-mast cell pool

Question 5

what does histamine release mediate?

Answer 5

vasodilation
itching
smooth muscle contraction
edema

Question 6

how do guinea pigs respond to histamine release?

Answer 6

bronchial constriction and death (like dogs and humans)

Question 7

what does histamine and anaphylaxis produce in carnivores?

Answer 7

hypotension and hepatomegaly

Question 8

what does histamine do in the GI tract?

Answer 8

potent stimulant of hydrochloric acid secretion by gastric mucosa

Question 9

what does the H1 receptor do?

Answer 9

anaphylaxis
inflammation
allergies
adverse drug reactions
pruritus

Question 10

what does the H2 receptor do?

Answer 10

regulates gastric secretion
some inflammation

Question 11

what does the H3 receptor do?

Answer 11

neurotransmitter release from neurons

Question 12

H1 antagonists are ________________________

Answer 12

inverse agonists/antagonists/?

Question 13

what do H1 antagonists do?

Answer 13

counter the effects of histamine on bronchial, intestinal, uterine, and vascular smooth muscle
suppress itching
allergic reactions and anaphylaxis

Question 14

what do H2 antagonists do?

Answer 14

block gastric stimulating effects of histamine

Question 15

what does heparin do?

Answer 15

anti hemostasis agent
antithrombotic and anticoagulation effects
potentiates action of antithrombin (AT)

Question 16

what characterizes an arterial thrombosis?

Answer 16

disorders of high shear force and arterial injury
induce platelets to become activated
hypercoagulable state
clot is platelet rich
platelets embedded in fibrin
antiplatelet

Question 17

what drugs potentially release histamine as an adverse effect?

Answer 17

curare
morphine
codeine
papaverine
meperidine
polypeptide antibiotics
atropine

Question 18

what histamine receptor plays a part in immunomodulation?

Answer 18

H4

Question 19

how does H4 immunomodulate?

Answer 19

immune cell chemotaxis
immune response
inflammation

Question 20

_________ is the predominant enzyme found in platelets

Answer 20

COX-1

Question 21

what are some antiplatelet drugs?

Answer 21

aspirin
clopidogrel

Question 22

in which disease processes are fibrinolytic agents considered?

Answer 22

feline arterial thromboembolism
canine pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 23

what are some things included in autacoids?

Answer 23

eicosanoids
angiotensin
neurotensin
NO
kinins
histamine
serotonin
endothelin
palmioylethanolamide

Question 24

histamine is high in ________________, low in ____________________

Answer 24

goat and rabbit
horse, dog, cat, and human

Question 25

what is the non-mast cell pool of histamine?

Answer 25

gastrointestinal tract CNS dermis other organs

Question 26

what histamines are in the mast cell pool?

Answer 26

those that participate in inflammatory responses, allergic phenomena, shock, adverse drug reactions, and other forms of cellular insult/tissue damage

Question 27

what type of response does release of histamine result in in rabbits?

Answer 27

pulmonary arterioles constrict right heart dilates

Question 28

what type of physical injuries elicit a histamine release?

Answer 28

skin lesions urtication dermal reaction due to cold or heat

Question 29

what does histamine in the non-mast cell pool elicit from sensory nerve endings?

Answer 29

itching and pain

Question 30

what is the intracellular signal cascade of H1 receptors?

Answer 30

Ca increase phospholipase C NFkB

Question 31

what differentiates second generation H1 antagonists?

Answer 31

lack antimuscarinic properties and do not cross blood-brain barrier

Question 32

what are the side effects of antihistamines- H1 antagonists?

Answer 32

relatively nontoxic sedation or CNS excitement, GI disturbances, parasympatholytic action, local anesthetic properties, allergenic properties, teratogenic effects

Question 33

what are H2 antagonists used for?

Answer 33

to prevent and treat gastric ulceration

Question 34

how is heparin reversed?

Answer 34

protamine sulfate

Question 35

what is heparin used to treat?

Answer 35

hypercoagulability disorders/coagulation disorders thromboembolism, venous thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 36

what is important about warfarin and coumarin derivatives?

Answer 36

inactive in vitro: need liver

Question 37

what do warfarin and coumarin derivatives do?

Answer 37

inhibit blood coagulation mechanisms: hepatic synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting factors

Question 38

__________ is an antiplatelet prodrug

Answer 38

clopidogrel