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BI310 > Antipredator behaviour > Flashcards

Antipredator behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Species evolve adaptions to block what?

A

-detection
-attack
-capture
-consumption

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2
Q

Examples of species that avoid detection by foraging at night

A
  1. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats
  2. Jamaican fruit bats
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3
Q

What is cryptic behaviour and what animal is it seen in?

A

It is when an animal chooses a background that matches itself
- Seen in peppered moth: camouflaged on lichen

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4
Q

What adaptions are used to make attack less likely?

A
  • Chemical defences
  • Warning colouration
  • Batesian mimicry
  • Associating with a protected species
  • Advertising unprofitability to deter pursuit
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5
Q

What are some examples of chemical defences?

A

Sprays
Injections
Toxins
Sticky secretions

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6
Q

What is aposematism?

A

When animals are poisonous and advertise it by warning colouration

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7
Q

What is mullerian mimicry?

A

When a poisonous species has the same warning colouration of another poisonous species e.g wasp & cinnabar moth caterpillar

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8
Q

What is batesian mimicry?

A

When a harmless species resembles a poisonous species e.g. Tephritid fly resembles jumping spider

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8
Q

What is batesian mimicry?

A

When a harmless species resembles a poisonous species e.g. Tephritid fly resembles jumping spider

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9
Q

An example of an animal that associates with a protected species

A

anemone hermit crabs use anemones for defence

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10
Q

How do animals advertise unprofitability?

A

Stotting

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11
Q

What are the alternative hypotheses to explain stotting?

A
  1. As a signal to other gazelles
    - Alarm signal
    - Group formation-flee together
  2. Signal to predator
    - Advertisement for unprofitability
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12
Q

What were the observations of the alternative hypotheses for stotting?

A

-Solitary gazelles stott
- Turn white rump to predator
- Predators more likely to abandon hunt when gazelle stots

Observations support the pursuit-deterrence hypothesis

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13
Q

How do animals adapt to make capture less likely?

A
  • Startling predators e.g. sudden flashing of eyespots
  • Rapid escape flight
  • Group vigilance
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14
Q

How does a Bombardier beetle make a last ditch attempt to escape?

A

Creates an explosion (noxious spray) to deter predators

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15
Q

Describe the noxious gas ejected by the Bombardier beetle

A
  • Explosive gas (100 degrees celcius)
    -Made up of hydrogen peroxide & hydroquinones mixed with enzymes
16
Q

How do animals misdirect a consumer?

A

Regenerate their tail if it is lost

17
Q

False head deflects outcome in cabbage white butterflies

A

Butterflies with false heads added escape more often than those without

18
Q

How do animals attract competing consumers?

A
  • Fear screams
  • Release of fear chemicals into water

Example: Pike take longer to handle minnow when competitor present

19
Q

What are the possible explanations for fear screams?

A
  • pain (not adaptive)
  • warning (but not easy to locate, and ignored by
    others)
  • call parents (but adults as likely to scream)
  • alarm predator (maybe?)
  • call competing predators
20
Q

What observation was seen in recording starling fear screams?

A

recording of starling fear scream attracted foxes, cats and hawks, supporting the hypothesis that fear screams attract competing predators

21
Q

Why are prey always one step ahead in the arms race?

A
  • Have a shorter generation time
  • Life –dinner principle (Dawkins & Krebs) fox runs for his dinner, rabbit for his life!
22
Q

Examples of predator adaptations and counter-adaptations by prey

A

See Antipredation lecture notes slide 32

23
Q

What is an evolutionary arms race?

A

-Natural selection results in predators with increased efficiency in finding and capturing prey
-The selection for prey’s ability to avoid
detection and capture
-Each improvement in the predator will put pressure on the prey to evolve counter-adaptations, and vice versa

24
Q

How have adaptions of crypsis and visual acuity evolved in prey?

A

Blend in with background resulting in increased survival of those that blended in

-Better cryptic colour/behaviour selected in prey

25
Q

What is the predator adaption to crypsis and vision acuiity?

A

Prey harder to find- selection for better vision/search
image formation in predator

26
Q

What selections have evolved for predators?

A

-selection on predator for better vision and ability to form a search image

-selection on prey to improve crypsis, also polymorphism (e.g. underwing moths)

27
Q

What are the defences used by underwing moths against predation by jays?

A

-Forewing: crypsis to avoid detection
-Hind wings: startle to avoid capture

Jays detect fewer moths on cryptic background

28
Q

What is the result of variation in colour of the hind and fore wings in underwing moths?

A

Hinders learning by the predator and helps the moths to escape

29
Q

What occurs as a result of polymorphism in crypsis?

A

it impedes formation of a search image by predator

30
Q

What occurs as a result in variation in startle?

A

colour impedes learning (habituation)

31
Q

An example of a species that shows polymorphism?

A

The forewings of Catacola are polymorphic- different varieties within one population
- Helps avoid detection by interfering with formation of a search image

32
Q

Describe the experiment to show variation in startle colour impedes learning

A
  • Hind wings startle jays
  • Jays habituate to a particular pattern after repeated presentations
  • But still startled by a different hind wing pattern
33
Q

What is habituation?

A

A stimulus-specific decline in response
to a repeated stimulus
not associated with reward or punishment

34
Q

How do forewings effect the relationship between underwing moths and jays?

A
  • Forewings reduce detection (on appropriate background)
  • Detection improves with experience: jays form search image
  • Polymorphism in moths interferes with search image formation
35
Q

How do hind wings effect the relationship between underwing moths and jays?

A

Jays habituate to hindwings
– but habituation is pattern-specific
Adaptive for hindwing patterns of
sympatric species to differ markedly

36
Q

Trade-off between crypsis and conspicuousness in guppies showed what?

A
  • Male guppies more brightly
    coloured than females
  • Brighter male guppies, with
    more spots have mating
    advantage
    (sexual selection for spots
37
Q

What species show trade-off between crypsis and mating success?

A

Distinctive colours lost after breeding season
-Mallard: drakes in mating season

38
Q

What was seen in an experiment performed using guppies?

A
  • Male guppies from streams with higher predation pressure
    have fewer, smaller spots (selection against spots)
  • Guppies without predators (“k”) evolved to be brighter over
    20 months (sexual selection for spots)

BI310 (7 decks)

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