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BI310 > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is migration?

A

It is the directed locomotory activity of an animal during long distance journeys

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2
Q

What are the two types of migration?

A
  1. Periodic migration- population expansion
  2. Seasonal migration
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3
Q

Examples of periodic migration

A

-Lemmings migrate in large numbers when population expands
-Desert locusts migrate periodically following population expansion

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4
Q

What is seasonal migration?

A

It involves the migration between breeding area and over wintering or feeding area

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5
Q

Seasonal migration is seen in which animals

A

-many birds
-some fish
-insects
-reptiles
-mammals

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6
Q

Examples of migratory birds in Ireland

A

-Berwick’s swans
-Corncrake

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7
Q

Examples of champion migrators include

A

-Arctic tern flies
-Monarch butterflies
-Wildebeest
-Gray whales

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8
Q

What is homing?

A

It is the ability of an animal to return to a specific set point

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9
Q

What are some examples of specific set points animals return to?

A

-Daily return to nest or hive
-return by turtles to natal beach
-return by salmon to natal stream

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10
Q

How does homing occur in sea turtles?

A

They return to the beach on which they hatched after thousands of km migration

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11
Q

Why do animals migrate?

A

Animals that migrated may have left more offspring than if they did not migrate (benefit outweighs cost)

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12
Q

What are the costs of periodic migration?

(when is periodic migration undertaken?)

A

As the population expands locally ->overcrowding

Periodic migrations are often undertaken when population expands locally so that animals experience overcrowding, and can do better by moving elsewhere

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13
Q

In seasonal migration, animals move to track changes in the environment, what animals is this seen in?

A
  • Monarch butterflies migrate south for warmth in winter
  • Wildebeest follow the seasonal availability of water
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14
Q

What are the costs of migration?

A
  • There is a high mortality rate due to exhaustion and predators
  • There are also energetic costs
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15
Q

What are some reasons for the high mortality risk during migration?

A

-Difficulty finding food/water while travelling
-Collision with obstacles
-Storms

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16
Q

What are the benefits of seasonal migration?

A

-Energetic benefits
-Reduction in competition
-Reproductive benefits
-Protection from predation by swamping predators

17
Q

What are the reproductive benefits in gray whales and salmon?

A

It brings both sexes together and provides a safe environment for young

18
Q

What are the reproductive benefits of birds breeding in the north?

A

There is longer day-length for feeding and there is a seasonal high availability of food for young

19
Q

What are the energetic benefits of migrating south in winter?

A
  • Avoiding temperature stresses and associated metabolic costs
20
Q

What does protection from predation by swamping involve?

A

-Huge number of birds available at one time during short breeding season, probability of taking one bird is small
-Predators deprived of prey when birds leaving breeding area, population expansion is limited

21
Q

Types of orientation used in migration and homing

A

-Pilotage
-Compass orientation
-True navigation

22
Q

What is pilotage?

A

Steering a course using familiar landmarks

23
Q

What is compass orientation?

A

It is the ability to head in a particular compass direction without reference to landmarks

24
Q

True navigation

A

-ability to orient towards a goal without landmarks and regardless of direction of goal
-requires both compass sense and map
-animal must know where it is relative to destination
-existence of map sense is controversial

25
Q

What are the genetic controls of migration in birds?

A

-Whether to migrate
-Direction
-Distance
-Time of migration

26
Q

What do breeding experiments show about robin migration?

A

80% migrate and 20% don’t
- they show that migration tendency is under polygenic control

27
Q

What triggers the timing of seasonal migration?

A

Endogenous circannual rhythm (clock) entrained by photoperiod (daylight)

28
Q

What is migration restlessness (Zugunruhe)

A

Most restless when weather is suitable for flight

29
Q

Initiation of migration is triggered by

A

-accumulation of sufficient fat
-appearance of favourable weather conditions

30
Q

Findings of experiment by Kramer to show the use of sun compass by starlings

A

-Starlings trained to look for food in a particular compass direction
-Time-shifted: artificial light regime reset internal clock by -6 hours
-Birds trained to find food in North
-Normal birds look for food in the north

31
Q

Nocturnal migrants

A

-use sun
-fly in constant direction until daylight

BI310 (7 decks)

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